TOUCHING GRASS

Today we’d like you to step outside and get some fresh air. You don’t have to go on a 12 hour hike if you don’t want to, but you should at least let yourself feel the wind in your hair or the sun on your skin for at least a couple minutes, weather permitting.

What’s the weather like where you are? Is it sunny, overcast, windy, raining, stormy? What kind of plants and animals live around your home? Do you live in a shady forest or barren desert, a windswept plain or out on the water?

Tell us about the grass you touched today!

See you tomorrow when we’ll be EATING GOOD. Happy conlanging!

Was originally supposed to simply be a highly optimised Hangeul ripoff to write Hindi in a way that highlighted the semantics of words. For instance, the Hindi words लड़का (larkaa) and लड़की (larkii) mean boy and girl respectively, only separated by the end vowel which is seen as the connecting curve on top of the horizontal line. लड़कपन (larkpan) however, means childhood. I found this highly regular pattern quite intriguing and made featural system that isolates 'lark' from -aa (as the male marker) -ii (as the female marker) and -pan (hood as in parenthood, childhood, I'm not sure what it's called.) The motive being to break Hindi down and make it conceivable to build and intuitively know words without ever coming across them, which would make the language easier to learn.

Hindi, however, has tons of exceptions which I attempted to fix. Many feminine and masculine nouns are irregular, like भाषा (bhaashaa, language) is feminine despite ending in -aa. I broke a few rules, making bhaashaa a masculine word, while bhaashii became the feminine form. Doing this sucked... I ruined the integrity of the language, while trying to add lots of Japanese and Chinese aspects to it (I was learning both of those languages at the time).

It's then when I started to make up my own language. It's by no means naturalistic, it isn't easy to learn or has a minimalistic lexicon. It works via word roots and optional demonstrative prefixes or verb/copular/relative markers. The word roots are always CVC monosyllabic, aside from pronouns, and the sum of possible phoneme combinations is ~12000, a couple hundred made currently.

The roots themselves are rarely used. Most nouns need around two word roots to make sense, but monoroot words can be made into verbs and adjectives/adverbs with the verb and relative markers. Pitch is used to differentiate between verbs and nominal words.

dan: river dānah (copular): is a river danāh (verb): to flow dānyah (adjective): of a river, like a river danyāh (adverb): flowing, with movement towards a direction

There is only one distinct tone being the one where the syllable is stressed and given a higher pitch, often simplified to merely stress in quick conversation.

These five words are merely the tip of the iceberg. Words like nendan (ice-river, glacier) and Dendan (electric-flow, current) can make use of the various meanings of dan, to make a host of compound words.

Negation works in an apparently complex but straightforward manner. The word dan has it's final consonant n belonging to the dental (consonant) row. The negative of each row is constructed by replacing the h with the nasal of each row, often consistent with the place of articulation. So dānah, meaning 'to be a river' is negated by saying dānan 'to not be a river, isn't a river'. This works for every kind of word. sag, meaning fire, has the negative copular sagaG (capital G stands for ng, the velar nasal).

Many words are often constructed in a highly efficient manner. For instance, the word nagh can mean eat in its verb form but nominally can refer to edibles. The word pagh refers to drinking or consuming. naghpagh (edibles-drink) is a verb meaning to swallow, and paghnagh (drink-edibles) means beverages. faGnagh (rice-food) refers to a meal with rice, faGleb (rice-vegetable) refers to rice as a raw material or ingredient, faG by itself could mean rice in all its possible variations and forms.

eZaapan naghāh faG.

Asia-people eat-verb rice.

The default sentence structure is SVO, with SOV, OVS and OSV being possible whenever directionality is mentioned to the object/dative/instrumental agent. For instance:

maa gojRaah eZaa.

me go-locative Asia. I'm going to Asia.

maa yuu-eZaa gojRaah.

me to-Asia go-locative. I, to Asia, am going.

This sentence can be made in absolutely any order as long as the adfixes remain as is.

I'll explain the directionals and different verb/relative forms in a follow up post. Stay tuned!

PS: in the romanization capital letters aside from G always refer to the retroflex versions of typically dental plosives. So D is retroflex plosive and N is a retroflex nasal.

Hi, I am interested in learning conlang that can unite or bridging the gap between most languages within the same family and I'm interested in folkspraak and interlingua for understanding(doesn't need to be fluent, just getting the idea) of germanic and romance language, but when I trying to reseurch there's opposition of interlingua as it's not a good conlang(I'm nit sure in detail) but are those good conlang to learn for that purpose? If not is there better choice to learn to getting mutubility between most language in germanic and romance language?(2 conlangs) And after learning those conlang how much will I understand each language within the family without learning each language seperately?

I'm developing the phonology of a conlang and I need to know phonetic patterns that are unstable in real languages.

A pair of patterns is stable when they can coexist in the same language as distinct phonemes. In other words, the pair is stable when the speakers of the language is able to distinguish them as two clearly-distinct words.

The distinction between /ɸ/ and /f/ is unstable and unlikely to occur even though a language with that rare distinction exists. On the other hand, the distinction between /s/ and /ɕ/ is stable and has enough occurrences.

I have the following patterns and I'd like to know if they are stable:

• Palatal consonant ( /ɲ ʎ ɕ c/ ) and non-palatal consonant with /j i/:

/ɲa/ vs /nja/ and /ɲi/ vs /ni/

• unstressed /i u/ close to a vowel vs /j w/:

/i'ara/ vs /'jara/

• If the last pair is unstable, would /iu/ and /ui/ be more likely to become /ju wi/ or /iw uj/?

• /ʃ ʒ/ followed by /j/:

/ʃa/ vs /ʃja/

• Nasal vowel before nasal consonant:

/sama/ vs /sãma/

• Nasal vowel before a non-nasal vowel. Are sequences like /bãa/ unstable and likely to evolve into something like /bãɴa/?

• /ŋ/ in the middle of a word:

/aŋa/ vs /aŋga/

• /h/ in the end of a syllable:

/ahta/ vs /ata/ and /ara/ vs /arah/

• The distinction between /x/, /h/ and /χ/ in the same language:

/axa/ vs /aha/ vs /aχa/

• Words that start with /mla/ and /mra/. Are they likely to become /mbla/ and /mbra/.

My personal favorite family is the Uralic branch. Their complex grammar and simple orthography/phonology make them the best languages (imo); my favorite language is a tie between Finnish and Estonian!

What's the weirdest/most unique feature of you conlangs? mine would probably be my most recent conlang, it has not 1, not 2, not 3, but 4 plurals!

I'm working on a naturalistic conlang, which features ergativity (actually my first serious attempt at an ergative language) and subject agreement on the verb. In the development of the proto language to the modern language, an ablative postposition evolves into an ergative case in nouns and pronouns. Later, the subject pronouns get prefixed on the verb.

This means that the subject prefixes on verbs now look different wether it is an intransitive or transitive sentence.

Exemple with the root "têl" (to see):

intansitive:

stêl, "I see"

s-têl

1.P.s.-see

----------

transitve:

semtêl yr, "I see you"

sem-têl yr

1.P.s.-see. 2.P.s.Pronoun.Absolutive.

----------

The prefix for the first person "s-" in an intransitive sentence changes to "sem-" in a transitve sentence. Although I think that this it is interesting and cool, I don't really know how realistic that is and I also have no idea what this system is called.

I also imagine using the transitve subject prefixes on inherently intransive verbs to form a sort of causative (root "vén" means "to go"):

svén, "I go"

s-vén

1.P.s.-go

--------

semvén, I make sth/sb go

sem-vén

1.P.s.-go

-----------

Again, I have no idea how realistic this is or if there is any natlang that has this feature. So if anybody knows if that is naturalistic and/or what the name for such a system is called, please answer.

Thank you in advance

I'm developing my first conlang and currently working on the grammar and I wanted to share how negation works in my conlang because I think it's pretty interesting :D

(I haven't coined a lot of words yet, so the vocab is still english, but the sentence structure is my conlang's)

The negation “hugs” the negated part (kind of like french)

(negation words don't exist yet, substituted with /)

Exmple sentences: /My/ girlfriend the house owns. → the person who owns the house isn't my girlfriend

My /girlfriend/ the house owns. → the person who owns the house isn't my girlfriend

/My/ dog the house owns. → the dog who owns the house isn't mine

/My dog/ the house owns. → the ‘dog’ that owns the house isn't mine and isn't a dog

My girlfriend /that/ house owns. → my girlfriend doesn't owns that house

My girlfriend the /house/ owns. → My girlfriend owns it, but it isn't a house

My girlfriend the house /owns/. → My girlfriend doesn't own the house

/My girlfriend the house owns/. → The person, who isn't my or somebody else's girlfriend, doesn't own the thing that isn't a house

I hope that made sense xD

GETTING DRESSED

Today we’d like you to dress yourself in your most favouritest outfit. Doll yourself up and make yourself feel your best by looking your best!

What tops and bottoms are you wearing? Do you like to wear hats? What about footwear, or outerwear? Do you like to mix and match patterns, textiles, colours, or do you prefer to keep everything same-same?

Tell us about what you wore today!

See you tomorrow when we’ll be TOUCHING GRASS. Happy conlanging!

so i know you havent heard, but i have ultimately decided to invent 2 versions of Kalennian: "High Kalennian" is the formal version of Kalennian, and "Low Kalennian" is the informal version

(im shit at titles D:)

if you're curious on how they function on the fictional side, i'm just gonna give a small expose on the two:

High Kalennian

High Kalennian (Kalennian: Kâduhur Kâlenisomakna; lit. "Proper Kalennian") is the formal, standardized version of Kalennian, used in professional, academic, and ceremonial contexts. it adheres strictly to traditional grammar and morphology, including the nominative ("su-") and accusative ("va-") case markers, and avoids contractions, slang, and curse words. High Kalennian is the most recognizable variety of the Kalennian language, via its precision and formality.

Low Kalennian

Low Kalennian (Kalennian: Silkâduhur Kâlenisomakna; lit. "Improper Kalennian") is the informal variety of Kalennian, used in casual and everyday communication. it allows for the optional dropping case markers, contractions, the use of slang and curse words, and an invented direct object marker ("vâ-"). Low Kalennian reflects a more relaxed and conversational style.

Similarities

High and Low both use complex verb and noun declensions/conjugations, complex tense-aspect-mood combinations, and they both adhere to case marking which is the most used in the language; if you want to see me explain the Kalennian case system click here.

and for those who want to learn more, theres a new section on the wiki page here!

#"Drink your water quickly (and let’s go)!"

—Celerative: the encoding of speed in verbal morphology (pg. 12)

Please provide at minimum a gloss of your sentence.

Sentence submission form!

Feel free to comment on other people's langs!

I'm working on a nature-based conlang, and I need help choosing nature-related words to include in my dictionary. Any help is appreciated!

In Transcaspian, it’s “Yamagodiscanbas” (“Ямагодисканбас”) (still working on IPA,) meaning “a slightly but not very happy feeling.”

There’s no truly long word in my other clang Estian yet.

I'm watching biblaridions series on colanging to help me as a guide as I create my own colans and I'm stumped on adpositions. I understand what they are, but what confuses me is when their noun like or verb like. How does it change the meaning of the word or context of the sentance is what I'm most confused on, and what are their actual differences?

I'm also very interested in hearing abouts colangs without adpositons post positions ect and how it would work because I'd like to completely remove adpositons from afew of my other colangs but I'm not sure how to go about doing it.

For further refrence if it helps my colangs are for made up species I made for a made up world.

I have tried to see if theres anything on my questions elsewhere but I havn't found anything that really helped.

This is a bimonthly game of combining random words into compounds with new meanings! This can give our conlangs a more (quoting telephone game) "naturalistic flair".
Having the compounds be random allows for more of a naturalistic usage of words you may have forgotten about or even giving you an opportunity to add a translation for a word you may not have thought about adding.

How this activity works:

1. Make sure all of your normal words have a number assigned
   • Spreadsheets do this for you :>
2. Open a random generator and set the range between 1 and the amount of words you have.
   • The one built into google is perfect for this
3. Generate 2 numbers, combine the words' and definitions, and give it a new fitting definition
   • I like to combine word's proto forms so they come out looking more interesting
4. Put in the comments:
   • Your Language name
   • Your 2 words (optionally their numbers too)
   • The new compound(s'), their definitions and IPA
   • And more info abt it to make more sense of it

Extra (optional):
Since 'calque-ing' is something that rarely ever happens in the telephone game, I thought it would be fun if you could also do some of that in this activity. (my compounds are also open for calque-ing, just mention if you're doing that)

So, if you see a word combo with a result you like, you can reply with the combination of your native words to get the same result. Telephone game's example: "taking skyscraper by using your language's native words for sky and scraper"

Now I'll go first:
(I do 3, but you don't have to do that many)

Oÿéladi

nae /'nae/ - and (203) + yae /'jae/ - plant (359)

nayeyáe /na.je.'jae/ - unwanted weeds, plant root
I just kinda abstracted the concept of "and" until I got to a plant
.

paomye /'pao.mje/ - to win, victory (247) + py(e/o)- /'pj(e/o)-/ - diminutive prefix (288)

pyebaomye /pye.'βao.mje/ - small victories, overarching success
pretty straightforward
.

pora /'po.ɹa/ - to play, to mess around (272) + yemyáu /jem.'jau/ - vine, plant fibers (385)

poryemyau /po.'ɹjem.jau/ - type of kids toy (traditionally made of plant fiber)
pora "to play" is usually used in a more childish sense

or why "I can't make out why he'd put up with such a dressing down from his old lady" doesn't make sense if you only know the dictionary definition of those words. And don't even start on the nightmare that is "I can't make out why he can't make out with... etc."

It's something I come across all the time in learning languages but I don't think I've seen much discussion of it in conlangs. Sometimes it is slang or idiom but other things like "make out" or "dressing down" or "put up" are not that per se. Or with German, it occurs for me in sentences with "mal" or "etwa" very often. Or when "etwas" becomes just "was" in speech but it used like "etwas" (Hast du (et)was essen?).

In my current conlang it only really comes up when it's compound verb forms experience semantic shifts or are used idiomatically or when choosing the wrong finite verb can change the meaning. Still, I don't think I have enough homophones or parallels to the etwas > (et)was usage.

Anyhow, I am curious about this feature in conlangs. What sentences in your 'lang would cause a learner to stop and think "well, I know those words individually" or go scrambling for their pocket dictionary/grammar only to realize all the grammar and vocab in the world won't help them here. And how did you go about developing it?

https://reddit.com/link/1h3j47c/video/ubjj4sh8234e1/player

IPA

https://preview.redd.it/3plqt6if234e1.jpg?width=1920&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=1c84c97f98a25afceeff064d7f82a3ce45336dbd

Gloss

https://preview.redd.it/8gc2ifdh234e1.jpg?width=1920&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=531c950a31d645f404990186874f3651ac1bc82a

I have 2 conlangs whose vowel inventories are as follows

1:i y u ɯ ε ɔ~o ɒ ɐ

2:ɪ ʏ ʊ e ə ɒ

share yours

This is a weekly thread for people who have cool things they want to share from their languages, but don't want to make a whole post. It can also function as a resource for future conlangers who are looking for cool things to add!

So, what cool things have you added (or do you plan to add soon)?

I've also written up some brainstorming tips for conlang features if you'd like additional inspiration. Also here’s my article on using conlangs as a cognitive framework (can be useful for embedding your conculture into the language).

*I hope interested people can join this group

No other conditions

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1. Villager language is based on minecraft’s conlang
2. Its letters feel like hieroglyphics
3. A total of 6 vowels and 15 consonants (you can also discuss if you want to add new ones)
4. In the attached picture below, the purple text is the pronunciation of ipa

5.Two special symbols with stars,

The first one is used for negative words:If "Yes" is to be changed to "No", just add the first special symbol in front of "Yes"

The second one is used for plural: person, noun

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Fictional history of villagers: "Villers" are a race of people with strong military power, like a fighting nation.

But they are stupid, so they just kept saying "hmm" and it gradually became a language.

But through historical evolution, there are also many villagers with high IQs.

Murakami's country is called the Grand Duchy of the United Villagers, and it has four countries:

1.duvill (technologically developed and economically developed)

2.snow ice(very cold, great art country)

3. Jitterstan (huge desert)

4.Gratree (huge and rich ecology)

There are dialects in various places (but they are not incomprehensible)

For example, slang, everyday language, accent

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My dc group has vocabulary creation area, grammar creation area, and chat area

https://discord.gg/U8zVP5QZ5r

https://preview.redd.it/vz5ciafbk14e1.jpg?width=428&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=572237eea7844dd37850a663ac4595e634fb488d

Anyone want to make a pidgin language with me? I think the only rule would be no English speaking, unless we want to limit the script to only Latin script. (Aside from usual no nsfw and stuff)

In honour of someone here who did this a few years ago, I want to learn another conlang. It just might be yours! A few basic requests:

* You are fluent in your conlang
* There are a lot of resources about/in your conlang
* Committed, ie not a throwaway abandonlang
* Resharable/forkable

If I pick yours, I'll reply to you. Let's see what y'all have this time~

Werat's a conlang I've been working on for months now and I think I can show some of it off.

PHONOLOGY & PHONOTACTICS:

Werat has a relatively small and prosaic inventory of phonemes, only 18 consonants and 5 vowels (not including length). [Romanization in angle brackets]

The consonants /g ɢ/ are only phonemic, in native vocabulary, in geminates, as /gg/ & /ɢɢ/ respectively. Thus, these are romanized ⟨gg⟩ & ⟨gq⟩ respectively.

The vowels /y yː/ only exist in loans, and are often pronounced as /i iː/.

Allophony:

The nasal /n/ assimilates in place to following non-labial consonants, except /ħ/, where it remains [n]. /m/ only assimilates in place to following labiodental consonants /f ʋ/.
- Example: /aːnkas/ [aːŋkas] "(it) rained"
The voiceless fricatives /f s x ħ/ become voiced [v z ɣ ʕ] before voiced stops /b d/.
- Example: /sasbes/ [sazbes] "months"
Geminated approximants /ʋʋ jj/ become geminate fricatives [vv ʝʝ].
- Example: /fufuːjje/ [fufuːʝʝe] "inlets"
Velar consonants /k g x/ incl. allophones [ŋ ɣ] become palatal [c ɟ ç ɲ ʝ] before front vowels, or if in coda, after.
- Example: /kifi/ [cifi] "window"
Alveolar stops /t d/ affricate to [t͡s d͡z] before different vowels depending on dialect. Some dialects have it only before front vowels, some only before high vowels, and some before front vowels and high vowels.
- Example: /texo/ [t͡sexo] "mountain"

Stress

Stress in Werat is non-phonemic. Stress is on the antepenultimate syllable, unless the penultimate is long, i.e. has a long vowel, coda consonant, or both.
- Examples: /fufuːjje/ [fuˈfuːʝʝe] "inlets"; /jurneroj/ [ˈjurneroj] "(it) surveys"

Phonotactics

Werat only allows syllables of the shape (C)V(C). Vowel hiatus is disallowed, meaning consonants are only optional word initially. There are no word initial or word final clusters.
Gemination is quite common in the language, as stops are not allowed to cluster within a word. Every consonant is allowed to geminate, although /jj/ is very rare as usually when it's required to geminate it becomes /dd/. And, as said earlier, the consonants /g ɢ/ are only phonemic as geminates in native vocabulary.
There is no restriction on the placement of long vowels, meaning they can, and often do, appear before clusters and geminates. However, in multisyllable words, final long vowels are rarer than in other positions.

NOUNS

Nouns in Werat are relatively simple-looking on the surface. There is no gender, no noun class, no case, leaving them only to inflect for number. Nouns have 3 numbers: singular, dual, & plural. However, these number inflections are not predictable in the vast majority of cases. The only saving grace is that nouns in the dual almost universally end in an /e/, but not all nouns ending in /e/ are dual; additionally there is also often a geminate before the final /e/ in duals, but again this isn't universal or exclusive. The plural is much harder to predict the majority of times, except in the case of a vowel initial word, where the most common strategy is lengthening the vowel. This vowel lengthening also sometimes happens with words starting with /ʋ x ħ/.

Some examples are:

• Afa /afa/ "fish", du. Afatte, pl. Āfa.
• Fēs /feːs/ "boat", du. Fette, pl. Fifas.
• Nāq /naːq/ "dragon", du. Naqqe, pl. Nanaq.
• Teho /texo/ "mountain", du. Tehalle, pl. Tehto.

Additionally, nouns can be made definite by a definite article which inflects for number:

• sg. Hā, du. Haħħe, pl. Hagga

ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are broadly similar to nouns in their inflection with one major difference: the definite. Adjectives must agree with their nouns in number & definiteness. Adjectives additionally follow their nouns. E.g.:

• Afa hēs "a red fish"; Hā afa hēsārur "the red fish (sg.)"
• Afatte hēse "two red fish"; Haħħe afatte hēsērur "the two red fish"
• Āfa heggās "red fish"; Hagga āfa heggasāru "the red fish (pl.)"

Adjectives additionally may be used on their own as nouns, but in this case are usually not inflected for definiteness, leaving only the definite article. So in this case "the red one" would usually be said as Hā hēs & not Hā hēsārur.

VERBS

In Werat, verbs inflect for tense, mood, and voice. However there is no person marking whatsoever. There are 3 tenses: present, past & future; two voices: active & passive; and 2 moods: indicative & imperative. Every verb also has an associated verbal noun. Like with nouns, not all of a verbs inflected forms are predictable. Some example verbs are (using it as a dummy pronoun):

• Aste "It burns" (present), Astesat "it burned" (past), Asterat "it'll burn" (future), Astette "Burn!" (imperative), Astet "it is burned" (present passive), Asteddo "it was burned" (past passive), Astetas "it will be burned' (future passive), Astekko "be burned!" (passive imperative) & Estīt "burning" (verbal noun)
• Biraj "It eats" (present), Bīras "it ate" (past), Bīrar "it'll eat" (future), Bīrat "Eat!" (imperative), Bīraw "it is eaten" (present passive), Biraddo "it was eaten" (past passive), Bīdas "it will be eaten' (future passive), Bīrak "be eaten!" (passive imperative) & Bijar "eating" (verbal noun)

Additionally, the language is replete with different types of applicatives, especially different kinds of locative applicatives. An example of these can be seen in the set derived from Rēnaj "to walk".

• Hōrtēnaj "to follow (on foot)" (lit. to behind-walk)
• Ħandēnaj "to approach (on foot)" (lit. to towards-walk)
• Jurdēnaj "to encircle (on foot)" (lit. to around-walk)
• Laddēnaj "to accompany (on foot)" (lit. to with-walk)
• Mattēnaj "to enter (on foot)" (lit. to in-walk)
• Nehiddēnaj "to cross (on foot)" (lit. to over-walk)

Of course, more here are possible, including ones derived from other verbs, but this gives a basic overview of how they can work.

SYNTAX

Werat has a V2 word order, in all clauses similarly to Yiddish & Icelandic. Polar Questions have Verb initial word order similarly to most Germanic languages as well. Given nouns don't have case and there is no person marking on verbs, prepositions are usually used for disambiguating subject and object when the order is not subject before verb, or when the object is an animate noun regardless of order.

SAMPLES

Raso mīma jena hā dāqqa jena pōħ qoqej īdārīru ū hā bēfe jena ābba.

raso miːma  jena xaː    daːqqa  jena poːħ qoqej  iːdaːriːru   uː   xaː
all  cat.PL of   the.SG teacher of   1SG  be.PRS black.PL.DEF INST the.SG
beːfe       jena aːbba
resemblance of   night

“All my teacher's cats are as black as night.”

Idisse tehalle jūrēna egqa tusas.

idisse  texalle     juːreːna     eɢɢa  tusas
this.DU mountain.DU surround.PRS valley deep

“These (two) mountains surround a deep valley.”

Hā fohta jena pōħ ħannasteddo!

xaː    foxta jena poːħ ħannasteddo
the.SG house of   1SG  burn_up.PASS.PST

“My house burned down!”

Plurals

Nouns in Uttarandian can be marked for case, possession and number. Number differentiates different kinds of plurals and collectives, which are specific to human and non-human nouns.

Human individualised plural

The most basic plural used for human nouns treats them as an amount of individuals. This plural is expressed through the suffix -ku or -ngu as its nasalised form.

urla "woman" > urlaku "women"
pinja "child" > pinjangu "children"

The same marker is also used with pronouns:
anja "1SG" > anjangu "1PL.EXCL"
keva "2SG.HON" > kevaku "1PL.INCL" (This one is not really the plural of the former, but they have the same stem)
naa "2SG" > naaku "2PL"

Human groups

The second plural is used to mark groups of humans. The size of the group is not relevant for this. The suffix is -tam, -ttam or -nam. Groups are treated as coherent units irrespective of individual members and this plural is often used to label organizations and constant entities.

urla > urlatam "group of women"
pinja > pinjattam "group of children"
nangina "someone who eats" > nanginanam "eaters"
perakku "sage" > perakkutam "sages" (The Nine Eternal Sages are the living gods of Uttarand and the spiritual leaders of the city)

Non-human individualised plural

This plural is essentially identical to the first plural, but restricted to non-humans instead. It is marked with -ki or -ngi if nasalized.

kruko "crow" > krukki "crows"
tjunga "tree" > tjungangi "trees"
kuuna "sleeper" > kuunangi "sleeping beings" (as opposed to kuuna > kuunangu "sleeping humans")

Collectives/kinds

The pluraliser -n denotes a kind of a type of noun. In these cases the group is usually a set of objects or a heterogenous or arbitrary group, rarely specific people. Plurals of with -n are treated like singular entities, kinds or sets. This suffix attaches directly to the stem.

urla > urlan "womankind"
pinja > pinjan "children(kind)"

This morpheme also appears as intrusive element within (independent) demonstratives to form plurals.

miika "this" > miinnga "these"
kuka "that" > kunnga "those"

-n directly attaches to the root and precedes the derivative suffixes -ka, -na or -ya.

Human collectives

The marker -nung, which might be a combination of -n and -ku is another way to form collectives. The difference between -nung and -n is that the latter treats collectives as more abstract, while the former basically means "all of this type" as form of a totality of everyone who is a member of that set. With urlan being "womankind" as such, urlanung are "all women" essentially. Uttarannuu urlanung would mean "all the women in Uttarand", while Uttarannuu urlan means "womankind of Uttarand" as abstract reference. Contrasting with -tam, Uttarannuu urlatam would mean a specific (known) group of women in Uttarand.

Object plurals

Lastly there is -li, which is exclusively used for inanimate plurals. -li can mark both collectives and non-collectives and thus contrasts with -ki, which is preferred on animate non-humans and individualises. However -li can also be combined with -n as well.

papala "a kind of fruit" > papalali "many papala fruits" > papalanli "all (different) kinds of papala fruits"
viika "something good" > viikali "good things" > viinngali "all kinds of good things"

Numerals

The lowest category of numbers range from 1-12 and are as follows.

asra "one", kena "two", mikka "three", ngarla "four", trunga "five", menga "six", tappa "seven", nganga "eight", simba "nine", trutru "ten", prarta "eleven", uungga "twelve".

As you can see all of them are bisyllabic and all of them end in the vowel -a. For the numbers from 13-24 all of these receive the suffix -ke or -nge if nasal.

asrake "thirteen", kenange "fourteen", mikkake "fifteen", ngarlake "sixteen", trungange "seventeen", mengange "eighteen", tappake "nineteen", ngangange "twenty", simbange "twenty one", trutruke "twenty two", prartake "twenty three", uunggange "twenty four".

In the third row of higher numbers the final -a is replaced with -ii. Thus the numbers from 25-36 are as follows.

asrii "25", kenii "26", mikkii "27", ngarlii "28", trungii "29", mengii "30", tappii "31", ngangii "32", simbii "33", trutrii "34", prartii "35", uunggii "36".

In the fourth row the suffixes -ii and -ke/-nge are combined to -kii or -ngii. The numbers from 37-48 are as follows.

asrakii "37", kenangii "38", mikkakii "39", ngarlakii "40", trungangii "41", mengangii "42", tappakii "43", ngangangii "44", simbangii "45", trutrukii "46", prartakii "47", uunggangii "48".

For the numbers from 49 to 59 numbers receive the suffixe -nda. This suffix is likely derived from the numeral pruunda "sixty" or the coordinative enclitic =venda.

asranda "49", kenanda "50", mikkanda "51", ngarlanda "52", trunganda "53", menganda "54", tappanda "55", nganganda "56", simbanda "57", trutrunda "58", prartanda "59", pruunda "60".

The pattern generally continues afterwards, with 61 being asra pruunda, 73 being asrake pruunda and so on. In the range from 109-119 the numbers are asranda pruunda and so on. 120 itself is pruundange, 180 is pruundii, 240 is pruundangii, 300 is pruundanda. Above this number, the suffixes are replaced by the numerals from six to twelve, such as 360 being pruunda-menga and 420 being pruunda-tappa. 421 is respectively asra pruunda-tappa. 720 is pruunda-uungga, afterwords the final number receives their own suffixes again. 780 is pruunda-asrake, 1500 is pruunda-asrii, 2220 is pruunda-asrakii. The next number with its own name is 3600, which is kiirla, followed by kiirlake "7200", kiirlii "10800", kiirla-pruunda "216000" and finally kiirla-pruunda-prartanda "12744000". There are numbers beyond that, but they have no daily usage. They are given names like truukkaya "sacredness" = "12960000" and piliya "eternity" and uluuya "the unseen", mandaya "the towering".