I haven’t gotten key parts of the grammar figured out, let alone the phonology, I’ve only barely researched the papers and resources the generous people of this sub have given me, which I will finish doing sometime soon, probably this weekend. This translation is mostly pronouns and verbs, which enables me to skirt by any grammar rules nominal tense entails(I’m thinking of pronouns declining for tense only when there’s no clear noun to do so). Also there's no mood for the verbs in this translation.

This translation is subject to change, as I have only the frailest idea how rl languages incorporate nominal tense. Not that I’m aiming for naturalistism, but it’s a nice resource.

Anyhoo, now for the context for this translation. The person speaking is basically a god/spirt lady. Of course, it’s not actually her, but like dialogue written for her in a newspaper drawing announcing the death of a monarch. Truyde, the god, welcoming the monarch to the afterlife.

(This is a massive WIP, this translation isn’t necessary final)

“Eoklucè, krel zilcosyr morlon hîso eoklucè lonreiv brepirvecé morlon!”

👑

๑(^｡^)ﻭ

Ipa transcription (I’m very new to this)

/ˈiːəklˌuːs, kɹˈɛl zˈɪlkɒsə hˈa͡ɪzə͡ʊˈiːəklˌuːs lˈɒnɹiːv bɹˌɛpəvɪsˈe͡ɪmˈɔːlɒn/

Literal translation: Acting with gentleness, I Truyde, in the past, silencing the ruler, eternal and acting with gentleness, I Truyde eternal welcoming her the ruler, eternal

Analysis

Eokluce=Gentling(giving class of verb) The taking alternative verb is patronizing or condescending (Eoklusyr) Stem is related to the noun gentleness.

Krel=I(Truyde’s First person pronoun, past tense)

zilcosyr= silencing(taking class of verb) The giving alternative is listening (zilcoćy) Stem is related to the noun silence.

morlon= her(the Queen’s third person pronoun, eternal tense)

hiso=And (linking article, i.e and, specific for a human noun and a giving verb)

Eoklucè=gentling (giving class of verb)

Lonreiv=I (Truyde’s first person pronoun, eternal tense)

brepirvecé=welcoming foundly (giving class of verb) The taking alternative means introducing foundly (brepirvesyr). Stem is related to various greeting words.

morlon=her(the Queen’s third person pronoun, eternal tense)

So, an translation would be.

I, Truyde, gently silenced her, the ruler, and now I gently welcome her forever.

So any questions about why I did or criticisms of the grammar from the limited amount y’all got?

Zetarian Language: Zetarian is the main language of the human civilizations that inhabit northern Andalucia. Initially created to facilitate the documentation of events and commercial transactions, and

Phonetic Aspects Consonants: m̥, ɲ, pɸ, b, f, b̪v, t̪s̪, l̪, s, ɾ, t̠ʃ, ʒ, ɻ, dʐ, x, ɡɣ. Vowels: a, ʌ, o, e, i, ʉ. Syllabic Structure: (C)(V), allowing simple and fluid constructions. Accentuation: The tonic accent falls on the syllable closest to the end of the word, giving the language a striking and direct rhythm.

Grammatical Structure Word Order: Verb-Subject-Object (VSO). This organization reflects the priority of focusing on the action before mentioning the participants. Absence of Temporal Conjunctions: The ind

Writing System Zetaria uses a syllabic system, written from top to bottom. Developed from charcoal symbols on walls, it evolved into engravings on stone tablets, ideal for writing. Example words: "War" = [ɡɣepɸe] "Community" = [ɡɣoɻol̪ʉ]v "Cold" = [b̪vʌ] "Alliance" = [ɲam̥it̠ʃʌ]

Vocabulary and Verbs Verbs are a central part of Zetária, used to describe actions clearly and objectively. Examples: ɾʉxɻet̪ = Sell t̪ʃaɻʉ = Document xʉl̪t̠ʃeɻ = Stock pɸoɻet̪ = Build

Example sentence: "Document supplies for winter." Translation: [t̪ʃaɻʉ sʉɻʌ xʉl̪t̠ʃeɻ].

hello to all,

today I am coming to ask for advice as I will be using a couple of words gathered on clld datasets to kick off my lexicon,

and I am wondering if I should already cement my derivation patterns in order to exploit them to the best,

I am wondering also what are cool starters to get to work with, for example the word "red", in English and romance languages I mostly consider them adjectives, though I sometimes see "the red" as shortcut for "the red colour", and the derivated verb in English could be "to redden".

Now, mybe my concept of "red" in my conlang might as well mean: "to be red" (then could derive new instances with my possible conjugation pattern, as well as nominalizer or adjectivizer, thus giving the adjective a complexity that English doesn't have),

and I stand with the same concerns especially in the division of verbs, because I believe verbs are really the widest group where you can cut the semantic space in various ways: moods, causation, aspect, passive voice, etc.

I know I can still come back later and reuse an old root that didn't work or coin a new root for a derived word that didn't work, but I also believe I should thrive in a system that covers at least 70% of my bases, if that makes sense ahah! And to be very honest, working with a natlang as huge as English or my native French to make translations probably does not help :p I've been reviewing also some Turkish because I learned it until B1 at some point, I like that it has very short lemmas, few phonological processes, and mostly transparent ethymology.

Anyway, I am curious to know how were your lexicon derivation starters and how you improved them as you progressed!

cheers!

Blud just batch uploaded videos IN his conlang with fire production quality to boot what on earth. Phonology is Russian af. There are eng and jp subs too 👀

https://youtu.be/Gj609wkDqYo

Just wanted to share this because I think it is important.

Hey all, I am a current PhD student (only in my first year) in a linguistics program, and I just want to share some advice with any young conlangers out there who are interested in pursuing linguistics. GET INTO CONLANGING. Get deep into it. If you love conlanging, the knowledge you will receive from this hobby can carry you far.

I received a Bachelor degree in Spanish with very few linguistics related courses and have found my way into a linguistics PhD program. Sure, I learned things in my program, but the vast majority of the content of my statement of purpose came from my linguistic interests which I found during my years of conlanging. Basics of phonology and syntax will carry you far as long as you can extrapolate those to your own interests with natural language.

Sorry if this doesn’t fit the sub, but I really just want to spread the word that this is a very productive hobby that can teach you so much and can enable you to find a place in upper education.

Hopefully, I worded the title correctly.

Do any of your conlangs follow this description? How do they work?

For example, let's say you want a word to mean "cow", but you only have verbs to work with. How do your conlangs make that work?

And it is supposed to be very minimalistic. I made this language to have a simplified language that has a European feel to it rather than an Austronesian one like Toki Pona does. I used around the same amount of words as Toki Pona, but there are going to be more words in the future. I would like to know how you think about it.

I like base 6 or base 12, but also there’s something pretty cool about binary. I’m not sure which one I want for my conlang. What do y’all use?

What phrases, expressions do you have in your conlangs with which you can express admiration, complement, liking/affection; stating that you find someone kind, cute, lovely?

There are some expressions in Ayahn:

Klem e/et XY. / XY klem.

/klɛm ɛ(t)/

Lit. translation: "XY is cute/kind."

Kawasós e/et XY. / XY kawasós.

/kɒvɒ'ʃo:ʃ ɛ(t)/

Lit. translation: "XY is fully silky." It expresses softness, kindness. If you want to express that someone is harsh, rude in Ayahn, you could literary say "XY is sharp/thorny/etc."

Óbrezórenj e/et XY. / XY óbrezór.

/'o:brɛzo:rɛɲ ɛ(t)/

Lit. translation: "XY is fully golden."

XY stovoreniiz hrog

/'ʃtokvorɛɲis xrok/

Lit. translation: "XY's entire heart is fair."

Hello!

So, like the title says, it took me damn time to get here but it's finally done! I tried my best to create a visiogestual language (with its own culture and a written alternative) from top to bottom without taking too much from my native language (lsf).

Thing is, I don't know how I should test it! How do I know if there are things I can't say ? Hope y'all can awnser me (please excuse my English), have a good day/evening !

PS: If you're still reading this and want to help, maybe throw random complicated sentences ?

Do you have any phonemes in your conlang you can't properly pronounce, but still add for making that sounding different from your natlang or any other reason?

Because, since I'm italian and I'm using [r], [ɾ] and [l], but when it comes to pronounce italian names with bljaase phonology I still sound like an italian.

For example.

Turin, my natcity. In Italian is [toˈriː.no]... while in bljaase would sound [tɔˈɾiː.nɔ].

Or take Rome. In italian it's [roː.ma]... in bljaase is [rɔː.ma]

It's too clear I have influence from my natlang. Now, I want to add a postalveolar or uvular r, like... [r̠] or [ʁ]... or maybe doing a completely different thing like [ɹ̠˔ ~ ɹ̠]. But those aren't so easy to do. I was thinking at linguolabials, which sound even not so nice.

Mount & Blade: Warband provides six factions, each with names for their settlements and characters. I was curious if I could construct a language for each faction based on the limited evidence, much like the language construction kit did with Tintin.

But after analyzing them for a bit, I'm beginning to think it isn't even possible. The names for every faction seem very generic, with very little patterns regarding letters, syllables, or use.

For example, Nord are one of six factions their male names are:

Aedin,Aeric,Bulba,Dirigun,Faarn,Gearth,Gerlad,Gundur,Haeda,Harald,Irya,Knudarr,Logarson,Marayirr,Olaf,Rayeck,Reamald,Surdun,Turegor,Turya,Ragnar,Lethwin

Female names:

Aesa,Afrid,Alfrun,Bergit,Bryn,Dria,Eilif,Eir,Endegrid,Glunde,Gudrun,Herjasa,Hild,Ingunn,Jadeth,Kaeteli,Loeka,Miar,Svipul,Thera

Settlements:

Sargoth,Tihr,Wercheg,Alburq,Chalbek,Curin,Hrus,Jelbegi,Knudarr,Tehlrog,Aldelen,Ambean,Buillin,Fearichen,Fenada,Haen,Jayek,Kulum,Kwynn,Mechin,Odasan,Rizi,Ruvar,Vayejeg

Like it doesn't really commit to CV-based languages with names like Bulba and Haeda.

And the characters it uses are all over the like there is a single use of Q in Alburq, would this not really morph into KW or something?

The only patterns I found were exceptional use of J (5 times), AE (6 times), -RR (3 times), TH (5 times), and CH (4 times). However, there was no repeated use of syllables.

It does seem like it wants to be Germanic inspired, but the Nordic/Anglo-Saxon naming patterns are very dithematic, and these names are just devoid any prefixes or suffices.

So, I guess the point this thread was to ask, if you think the creators did any conlanging or just word-generated things? Also, if this baseline can still be used deconstruct a language.

My language Salsoi needs a counting system but i need advice. there is a word for every number 0-10 but im looking for ideas on how to count. curently the system is like this: 0-u 1-el 2-se 3-den 4-shu 5-urn 6-siv 7-la 8-vok 9-mel 10-tor and biger numbers are a combinaton for example 15 would be torurn: tor-10 + urn-5 = 15 and a number like 20 would be setor = 2 x 10. 100 would be tortor and 102 for exc would be tortorse but that would quickly get dificult as 125 would be tortorsetorurn so what would be a good way around it while still retaining simplicety?

This thread was formerly known as “Small Discussions”. You can read the full announcement about the change here.

How do I start?

If you’re new to conlanging, look at our beginner resources. We have a full list of resources on our wiki, but for beginners we especially recommend the following:

• The Language Construction Kit by Mark Rosenfelder
• Conlangs University
• A guide for creating naming languages by u/jafiki91

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What’s this thread for?

Advice & Answers is a place to ask specific questions and find resources. This thread ensures all questions that aren’t large enough for a full post can still be seen and answered by experienced members of our community.

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Should I make a full question post, or ask here?

Full Question-flair posts (as opposed to comments on this thread) are for questions that are open-ended and could be approached from multiple perspectives. If your question can be answered with a single fact, or a list of facts, it probably belongs on this thread. That’s not a bad thing! “Small” questions are important.

You should also use this thread if looking for a source of information, such as beginner resources or linguistics literature.

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Ask away!

So, I'm making a conlang called Zobong that incorporates a marker system like in Japanese but the marker is at the start of a word rather than at the end of it. Zobong is created by the Gods as a way for them to speak to each other, so most people can't speak it. The only ones that do figures it out by constantly hearing how it's spoken, like this scene.

The native Zobong speaker is Galan while the native Japanese speaker is the shop owner. The context of this scene is that Galan is ordering steamed buns at a portside pushcart in Tsushima.

When his turn is near, the yatai owner looks at him briefly from behind the counter. Her hands are weathered but deft as she wraps a batch of fish-filled buns in parchment and gives them to the current customer. Steam rises in soft clouds from the basket and separates as they touch her arm. She smiles warmly at Galan and greets him in Zobong with a thick accent.

Owner: “Upasu ine obon.”

Upasu = (u) Receive (pa) important (su) receiver

Ine = (i) Describe (ne) what

Obon = (o) Command (bon) accent

Valuable recipient, what accent should I use?

Correction: Upas, ine ovon

Upas = (u) Receive (pas) important person

Ine = (i) Describe (ne) what

Ovon = (o) Command (von) belonging to

Sir, What Can I Get You?

Galan mirrors her expression, though an involuntary twitch to the left side of his face turns it into an awkward frown-smile.

Galan: “(So this is how a native speaker would mispronounce Zobong… It’s good that she got the u, i, and o markers right, but let’s not do this).”

Tell me your immediate feedback before asking for more detail as I want to know how my reader would comprehend the conlang just by this scene alone. Tell me if I should add more explanation or skip introducing the conlang like this after your opinion.

I'm in the process of making my first conlang and I'm pretty sure I want an SOV sentence structure. I also want to employ prefixes, but got stuck once I learned that it isn't as common as suffixes, especially in SOV languages.

For context, I based my conlang's phonology off of pre-existing dummy text written as glossolalia (It's a song I thought was in a conlang but turned out to be gibberish), then decided to derive basic morphology from it too. There were a few words that differed only by one affix-like syllable and were in close proximity in the text. Both "only differs by prefix" and "only differs by suffix" seemed to be represented. Given the way they occured it would be better to turn them into verb inflection than derivation.

I've learned about how some SOV languages utilize prefixes to denote certain tenses and moods, or how person marking and number marking may be separate. I don't wanna go all-prefixing though. How do I utilize them, and are there other ways I can combine them? Do other kinds of prefixes make more sense for the situation I've described above?

If that helps: I also want adjectives to follow nouns. Probably due to verb-like adjectives.

I made an IPA Reader https://www.capyschool.com/reader

Features

- Keyboard with diacritics
- Some phonemes like /t/ sound better
- Different playback speed
- The page is translated into multiple languages

Known issues

- It can't play single phonemes
- It doesn't support diacritics
- It can't play some phonemes

I'm working on fixing them. You can also suggest me to support more languages.

This is my completed constructed language called Luno that I created. 1-10 rate it.

This is a poetic language. It can be used in romantic situations (hence, why the word love and hate are the only emotions that have base words), writing in a poetic tone, or just to speak in general conversation. It has an artistic structure, sounds smooth, and is easy to pronounce. I tried making it as short as possible with less than 80 words and by using compounding to create new concepts with the base words.

My goal is very specific. Not only make a poetic language that sounds good and have a community around it, but also just to master it and finally speak something that is short and easy to understand for me. I struggle learning other languages and I don’t really feel like learning other conlangs either. I made my own and I already know how to say basic sentences, as well as write my own complex sentences too.

Phonology

base words with definitions and grammar rules.

These are the most confusing words than have combinations as base words and have no literal meaning specified in the definition.

luluma (lit. human) = human

- since luma is friend, it was very general. I wanted a word that could specify that it’s a human being, but not someone that is specifically your friend.

loluma (lit. sun person) = man

- lova + luma (or luluma. How ever you wanna interpret it)

nuluma (lit. moon person) = woman

- nuro + luma (or luluma. How ever you wanna interpret it)

and the list goes on.

Paragraph in Luno:

Li voto lili loluma di arun. Li rava mora di blaka conu no-luluma. Li a-hato lili loluma di arun. Ka, lili loluma di arun rava peri nuro. Loluma di arun tano peri li: "Li mavu su, lili noluma di mini." Li a-tano, "No! Li voto su." Mora di nuro mavu di nosu. Temo rava, et lili loluma di arun no-esi. Li fari conu ravi-wita peri lili loluma di arun. Lili keta di mini no-esi di soli. Li navi lili loluma di arun, et li mavu di no-muli. Li no-viro ravi lova... Li rava peri lova, et li tano: "Loluma di arun, li lovo su peri temo."

I had a fun idea of changing two languages (probably two Romance languages like French or Spanish) to become mutually intelligible with each other? Is that possible? Also, is there any more information on how mutual intelligibility works so I can get a better sense of the mechanics behind it?

This is it. I believe I found the purpose of my conlang.

I will continue building the vocabulary around the metaphors and daily events of this little town I can "envision", and make an anthology of lives, meanings, and activities throughout a year as an ethnologist thrown back in time and into this what-if scenario, where the late bronze age collapse did not happen, and where this earlier industrial golden age is about to lead to pretty interesting transformative global changes.

It will read as a cultural study, with the left side in written and spoken form of the language, and on the right side as an English translation. It would include short tales, poems, descriptions of mechanisms and daily lives, some spiritual explanations for why things are the way they are, and not really any plot per se, just an exploration from a bystander's point of view. All in a book made to look like it's been passed down for generations.

The goal of this whole project would be to help people think in a different setting and find their own live metaphors (like, how did my brain come up with Ezni Balbaa "I ate a whale" to say one has regrets? Now I cannot see regrets without thinking of this grandiose act with its obvious consequences), both in spoken and creative problem solving.

My questions then are the following:

• What sort of pitfalls do you think I might encounter in making such book?
• What would you like to see included in it?
• What purpose do you have for your own conlangs?

Consonants:

/t/: T, t

/d/: D, d

/q/: ·

/ʔ/: ’

/m/: M, m

/ɱ/: M̃, m̃

/n/: N, n

/ɲ/ : Ñ, ñ

/ŋ/: Ŋ, ŋ

/r/: R, r

/ɾ/: Ř, ř

/ɸ/: P, p

/β/: B, b

/f/: F, f

/v/: V, v

/θ/: Þ, þ

/ð/: Ð, ð

/s/: S, ſ

/z/: Z, ʒ

/ʃ/: C, c

/ʒ/: J, j

/x/: Q, q

/ɣ/: G, g

/ʁ/: Ɽ, ɽ

/h/: H, h

/ɬ/: X, x

/ɮ/: Y, y

/j/: Ȝ, ȝ

/l/: L, l

Vowels:

/i/: I, i

/iː/: Ii, ii

/y/: U, u

/yː/: Uu, uu

/u/: W, w

/uː/: Ww, ww

/ɪ/: Ï, ï

/ɪː/: Ïï, ïï

/e/: E, e

/eː/: Ee, ee

/ə/: Ä, ä

/əː/: Ää, ää

/ɛ/: Ë, ë

/ɛː/: Ëë, ëë

/ʌ/: Ü, ü

/ʌː/: Üü, üü

/ɔ/: O, o

/ɔː/: Oo, oo

/a/: A, a

/aː/: Aa, aa

/ɒ/ : Ö, ö

/ɒː/: Öö, öö

Comments:

• /q/ and /ʔ/ are both used to separate consecutive vowels. However, the difference between the two is that /ʔ/ separates consecutive vowels that are exactly the same (for example: a’a, i’i, ü’ü), whereas /q/ separates consecutive vowels with the same sound but with different lengths (for example: a·aa, i·ii, ü·üü)
• I wanted to avoid diagraphs, which meant making unconventional choices for some phonemes. The main difficulty was for /r/, /ɾ/, and /ʁ/. I ended up choosing the ones which I thought looked best within the variants of ⟨R⟩.
• /ʁ/ was adopted from Uařuliȝe’e – Anglicised to Aruliye’ean. It’s not used in usual speech, though; it’s used for speeches, sometimes songs, and in general for dramatic effect; really, it is similar to the rolled R used by speakers of Conservative Received Pronunciation.
• I also wanted to keep my diacritic usage in consonants to a minimum, hence why only three of them do.
• In general, the Romanised punctuation and capitalisation in Derinorian follows English punctuation and capitalisation – the one I like best – where applicable (so proper nouns are capitalised, so are demonyms, inverted commas are used as the primary quotation mark, etcetera), hence why majuscules are included. My goal was to make the language look good written in both the Derinorian Script and using the Latin alphabet; in my opinion, I’ve succeeded, mostly – ⟨ïï⟩ looks odd, as does ⟨ww⟩, but other than that I think it’s nice to look at.
• No stress markers are needed, given that the stress always falls on the first syllable.
• This phonetic inventory is the one generally used by the upper classes. Amongst other things, the ‘commoners’ tend to use /χ/ instead of /x/, they don't pronounce the /h/ at all, they replace /q/ with a glottal stop, etcetera.
• I am unsure of whether the language has a /w/ sound (in fact, I’m open to hearing suggestions on this – on everything, really, but this in particular); if it does end up having one then it will be represented by ⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩. I’ve taken a fair bit of inspiration from Old English, for the Romanisation.
• ⟨ſ⟩ and ⟨ʒ⟩ were used because I prefer how they look.

This is a game of borrowing and loaning words! To give our conlangs a more naturalistic flair, this game can help us get realistic loans into our language by giving us an artificial-ish "world" to pull words from!

The Telephone Game will be posted every Monday and Friday, hopefully.

Rules

1. Post a word in your language, with IPA and a definition.

Note: try to show your word inflected, as it would appear in a typical sentence. This can be the source of many interesting borrowings in natlangs (like how so many Arabic words were borrowed with the definite article fossilized onto it! algebra, alcohol, etc.)

2. Respond to a post by adapting the word to your language's phonology, and consider shifting the meaning of the word a bit!

3. Sometimes, you may see an interesting phrase or construction in a language. Instead of adopting the word as a loan word, you are welcome to calque the phrase -- for example, taking skyscraper by using your language's native words for sky and scraper. If you do this, please label the post at the start as Calque so people don't get confused about your path of adopting/loaning.

Last Time...

##Säipinzā by /u/SpecialistPlace123

Kläipinlaulsá [klæi̯pʏlːɑʊ̯sːɑː]

*from ‘kläi’ color ‘piŋ’ one ‘laul’ all

v. to describe the entirety of something without nuance

Pinzeŋ gyásos Säipré Molhoŋ, Ugzoŋ Kläipinlaulsá Róŋappró Säivriŋ kyó ruggrassol Veuvruŋ?!

Pin-zeŋ     gyá-sos Säi-pré     Mol-hoŋ,
one-LOC.CL3 act-PST say-SBJ.CL2 murder-OBJ.CL3
Ug-zoŋ     Kläipinlaul-sol Ró-ŋa-ppró       Säi-vriŋ   kyó ruggra-ssol Veu-vruŋ
on-LOC.CL3 color_all-PRT   other-PL-SBJ.CL2 say-OBJ.G2 QUO same-PRT    evil-OBJ.CL2

^(CL2=human, CL3=Non-physical)

“All I did was murder, now they paint me as a bad person?!”

Hope you had a nice weekend, internet friend

Peace, Love, & Conlanging ❤️

Hi guys! So this is my nominal tense idea! Essentially nouns are declined into different cases based on their state of being. These are the five cases based on this.

Historical past, past, present, future, and eternal future.

Essentially, there are different words for different states. I will use the word mother as an example. Obviously the way I decline mother as a noun will not be how I decline every single noun and pronoun in the language, the case markers and modifiers will hopefully be more diverse.

Historical past is equivalent to the English (ex-). It’s basically used to describe something that once was the thing. For example, if an Andrea speaker were to describe an ex-mother…

Mratule(mother, current tense)➡️Fö-mratu-yket (ex-mother)

“le” sound /lˈa͡ɪ/

Past is essentially a past version of a noun. Let’s say a Andrea speaker wanted to describe a mother in the past.

Mratule(mother, current tense)➡️Kza-mratu-vs

This is like the English past tense. This merely implies a past version of a living person who is still presumably, a mother.

Present, current version of a noun There are two ways to refer to something in the present. An address form and a non-address form. Of course, this only applies to nouns you can address. Names and familial relationship nouns are addressed.

Address form. You can say address when the person you are speaking about is present (even if you aren’t addressing them directly, but as a long as they’re in earshot), without declining the noun to a time case. These addresses only apply to people you have the noun relationship.

For your mother the address form is Mratu

Non-Address form, when you are speaking about your mother away from her earshot, and about her in the present tense, you say Mratule

Future Mratule(mother, current tense)➡️Jö-mratulĩ

Essentially, the future version of a mother.

Jomratulĩ is also the word for “future mother” and can be used to describe a pregnant woman, but speakera can figure out what you mean .

Eternal Future Mratule(mother, current tense)➡️Mratule’lon For complex cultural reasons revolving around ancestor worship, death is viewed as achieving immortality and perfecting all aspects of your personality and gaining the knowledge of the heavens. Lon is more of an honorific. So, unfortunately, calling a mother Mratule’lon means she has passed.

Only certain nouns can be declined into this tense. Dead people are the only individuals who can be referred to in this tense, as they have “overcome” change as they have reached immortality. Also used to make absolutive statements about “consistent” long lasting things i.e groups of people, countries, governments, species of animals, languages, systems, nature, etc, etc. Considered to be the holy tense.

Ascept markers!

Markings of ASPECT Ascept markings, can be used for both nouns and verbs used before nouns and after verbs

Perfective markers jā-shows that an noun was completed at a particular time

jā noun=meaning the noun is complete

jā verbjā Shows that action happened and was completed

Imperfective markings ka

ko noun-meaning something is in process of becoming the noun i.e “almost noun.”

verbka in the process of doing the verb, action is not complete

Ak Ak noun-this noun is inconsistent

Verbak-ongoing, habitual,

Please ask me any questions and critiques you might have about this tense system. And yes, pronouns do decline as well.

The speakers of Houde lived a rural, largely nomadic life. Their idea of a 'building' was at its most durable some kind of wooden hut. Usually, they erected temporary structures from whatever organic materials were available.

A new community moved into their area and built from stone. They built towns and large buildings. From this new community, the Houde speakers picked up the word architecture. It was borrowed into Houde as arkitaektur. (I'm not specifying exactly what the source language was because I don't want to pin this story to a particular place or time.)

Arkitaektur was reanalysed as an agent form (implying a verb *(arki)tak). This word was applied to the newcomers (i.e. they were all labelled, so to speak, "architects" arkitaektren). Because of the social conditions at the time (occupation of Houde land, disruption of the Houde way of life, etc.), the word arkitaektur often carried a strongly negative connotation.

The -taektur element was transferred to other nouns and generalized with a sense something like 'designer/creature/builder of something unpleasant'. The coordinate nominal form is -gataekt. This has given rise to forms like...

taeletaektur (tale-taektur) 'story crafter (deceitful politician/PR exec)'
A taeletaektur excessively leverages spin. A sugar-coater of shits. Can be used as a disparaging term for an untrusted journalist.
taelagataekt 'propaganda' or something to that effect

lédetaektur (sorrow-taektur) 'architect of sorrow'

sháeletaektur (debt/obligation-taektur) 'usurer'
sháelegataekt 'usury' or less precisely 'exploitation'
These contrast with the neutral terms lóendur (borrower, lender, party to a contract) and galóent (any formal consensual agreement or contract).

nédetaektur (desire-taektur) 'seducer/seductress'

My personal favourite is...
draemetaektur which I would like to translate as "shitsmith"
A draemetaektur is originally someone who always messes up your plans (your boss who tries ineptly to organize your workload even though you've already done a better job of it yourself), someone who is disorganized and unreliable (couldn't organize a piss up in a brewery vibes). A two-bit agent of chaos. I think shitsmith captures this very well in English.
The sense has generalized quite a lot, so you can also apply it loosely to anyone you're fed up with, anyone who's getting on your nerves or being a pain in the arse. ("Asse hou'n draemetaektur!" He's such a pain in the arse!)

I would like to extend this to more neutral terms (like arts) and perhaps some positive ones (but I'm not sure how to integrate that with the backstory).

haedetaektur 'hatter'
luedetaektur 'luthier'
(Unfortunately, many of my terms for arts are derived from verbs, so they don't compound well like this.)

géretaektur (joy-taektur) 'joy crafter'
tróemetaektur (dream-taektur) 'inspiring leader'

And I suppose a conlanger is en tuenetaektur, conlanging tuenegataekt. Do your conlangs have a word for conlanging?

SWADESH LIST

all: allas/alla/all

other: anþars/anþra/anþar

wide: breþas/widas

thick: þeks

heavy: kors/svers

short: skurtas

narrow: angvas

thin: þunns

man (adult male): vers

man (human): manns

child: barn

wife: vifa

husband: husvers

mother: modar

father: fadar

animal: dys

fish: fisk

bird: fugal

dog: hunds

louse: lusa

snake: snak

worm: vorm

forest: holt

stick: hrunga

fruit: akran

seed: fry

leaf: lofs

root: vorts

tree bark: barks

flower: blom

grass: hav

rope: reps

skin: huda

meat: mems

blood: bloþ

bone: ben

fat (noun): fet

egg: adja

tail: tagal

feather: feþra

hair: her

head: hobiþ

ear: os

eye: og

nose: nasa

mouth: munþ

tooth: tanþ

tongue: tunga

nail: nagal

foot: fotas

leg: lags

knee: kny

hand: hands

wing: fiþar

belly: vamba

guts: herþra

neck: hals

back: bak

breast: brustas

heart: herta

liver: libra

to drink: drinkan

to eat: etan

to bite: bitan

to suck: sukan

to spit: spivan

to vomit: utspivan

to blow: blean

to breathe: anþian

to laugh: hlahian

to see: sehvan

to hear: hosian

to know: vitan

to think: þunkian

to smell: rokian

to sleep: slepan

to live: liban

to die: gadoþnan

to kill: afdoþian

to fight: fehtan

to hunt: jagoþian

to hit: slahan

to cut: metan

to split: splitan

to stab: knifian

to scratch: graban

to dig: ypgraban

to swim: svima

to fly: flygan

to walk: umgangan

to lie: ligan

to sit: sitan

to turn: vandan

to fall: fallan

to give: giban

to have: haban

to wash: þvahan

to wipe: bisverban

to pull: tyhan

to push: afskyban

to throw: verpan

to tie: bindan

to sew: syjan

to count: garaþian

to say: sagian

to sing: singan

to play: plegian

to flow: flon

to freeze: frysan

to swell: svellan

(The) Sun: Sunna

(The) Moon: Mens

star: stern

water: vatar

rain: rigan

river: ahva

lake: mars

sea: sea

stone: stens

sand: malmas

dust: stubias

earth: erþa

cloud: milham

fog: dava

sky: himins

wind: vindas

snow: snys

ice: isas

fire: fura

ash: ask

to burn: brinnan

mountain: bergas

red: roþs

green: gronas

yellow: gelvas

white: hvits

black: svarts

night: nahts

day: dagas

year: jer

warm: varms

cold: kaldas

new: nyjas

old: aldas

evil: ubils

rotten/foul: fuls

straight: rehts

right: tesvas

left: hlidums

near: nehvas

COMPARISON WITH OTHER GERMANIC LANGUAGES

all, thin, fog, old, cold, white, ear, snow, night, warm, day, green, earth, mountain

English: åll, þynn, dewe, åld, kåld, hwijt, år, snåw, naght, warm, daj, green, erþe, berje

Upper Lombardic: öäll(a), dünn(a), Tau, köält(a), wäiss(a), Oa, Schnää, Noakht, woam(a), Täg, grün(a), Eäda, Beäg

Lower Lombardic: oall(a), dünn(a), Tau, koalt(a), wäiss(a), Oä, Schnäi, Nöäkht, wöäm(a), Täik, grün(a), Ioda, Biäk

Upper Burgundian: älls/älla/äll, þynns/þynna/þynn, däva, käldas/kälda/käld, hvits/hvita/hvit, ös, snies, nähts, värms/värma/värm, dägas, gröns/gröna/grön, ärþa, bärgas

Silingian: ells/ella/ell, dinns/dinna/dinn, teiva, keldas/kelda/keld, hviets/hvieta/hviet, ois, snias, nehts, verms/verma/verm, deigas, groins/groina/groin, erda, bergas

Gautish: all, tunn, dagg, kall, vit, öra, snö, natt, varm, dag, grön, jord

SENTENCE EXAMPLES

Jaba þu at husan for mik gangis, forsorg þat þu brodan bugis.

(If – you.NOM – to – houseOBL – before – I.ACC – to go.2^(nd)sng.PRES.IND – to take care.2^(nd)sng.PST.IMP – that – you.NOM – breadOBL – to buy.2^(nd)sng.PRES.IND)

If you go home before I do, make sure to buy bread.

Svahvan mina moþar af arbeþan kvam, sveþan sia at badin idja.

(No sooner – my.fem.NOM – motherNOM – from – workOBL – to come.3^(rd)sng.PST.IND – than.temp – sheNOM – to – bed.OBL – to go.3^(rd)sng.PST.IND)

No sooner did my mother come from work, than she went to bed.

Þas hunds vas in grongardan, in þan ik þan fodan gaskop.

(The dogNOM – to be.3^(rd)sng.PST.IND – in – gardenOBL – while – 1^(st)prsNOM – the foodOBL – to make.3^(rd)sng.PST.IND)

The dog was in the garden, while I was making the food.

SCHLEICHER’S FABLE

Skep jaha hrussas

Skep, þat vullan ne hadde, sahve hrussans. Enan þat habigan vagnan toh, enan miþ mikilan bertan, jaha enan þat mannan toh. Skep sagde at þans hrussans: “Herta mina seriþ mik, hvan ik mannan sehve, hrussans dribandan.”. Hrussas sagdin: “Gahosi, skep! Herta unsara seriþ uns, hvan þat vis sehvim: þas manns, þas faþas, þen vullan þisas skepans at varman vastan sik vorkiþ, jaha skep þan ne vullan habiþ.”. Hosiano þat, þat skep at heþan floh.

ALPHABET

Aa

Bb

Gg

Dd

Ee

Zz (mostly loanwords)

Hh

Ii

Jj

Kk

Ll

Mm

Nn

Oo

Pp

Qq (mostly for loanwords)

Rr

Ss

Tt

Yy

Ff

Xx (pronounced /ks/, mostly for loanwords)

Uu

Vv

Ww (mostly for loanwords)

Digraphs: DJ/dj (pronounced /ɟ/ or /d͡ʒ/), HV/hv, PH/ph (pronounced /f/, for loanwords from Greek), TH/th (pronounced /θ/, for loanwords from Greek), KH/kh (pronounced /x/ or /k/, for loanwords from Greek)