(Note; Anatolian beyliks and Azerbaijani khanates were not added to the list because it will be too long)

I deleted and reposted because I didn't know how to make a list on reddit.

1. Yiqu Kingdom* (BC720-BC272)
2. Dirong Kingdom* (BC???-BC???)
3. Girong Kingdom* (BC???-BC???)
4. Xiongnu Empire (BC3??-BC58/AD216)
5. Western Xiongnu (BC58-BC36)
6. Eastern Xiongnu (BC58-46)
7. Kingdom of Silla* (BC57-935)
8. Northern Xiongnu (46-118)
9. Southern Xiongnu (48-216)
10. Yueban Kingdom (160-490)
11. Yuwen Kingdom (260-345)
12. Chouchi* (296-443/580)
13. Xionates (300-500)
14. Former Zhao (304-329)
15. Cheng Han* (304-347)
16. Tuoba Dai (310-376)
17. Later Zhao (319-351)
18. Kidarites (320-467)
19. Former Qin* (351-394)
20. Alchon Huns (370-670)
21. Hunnic Empire (376-469)
22. Northern Wei (386-535)
23. Later Liang* (386-403)
24. Zhai Wei (388-392)
25. Northern Liang (397-460)
26. Southern Liang (397–404/408–414)
27. Northern Xia (407-431)
28. Hephthalite Empire (440-560/710)
29. Gepid Kingdom* (454-567)
30. Odoacer Kingdom* (476-493)
31. Nezak Huns (484-665)
32. Amal Dynasty* (493-553)
33. Eastern Wei (534-550)
34. Western Wei (535-557)
35. Hou Han* (551-552)
36. First Turkic Khaganate (552-581)
37. Northern Zhou (557-581)
38. Bashkir Khaganate (558-1236)
39. Avar Khaganate (562-823)
40. Khazar Khaganate (58?-1048)
41. Eastern Turkic Khaganate (581-645)
42. Western Turkic Khaganate (581-657)
43. Yuwen Huaji (618-619)
44. Tang Dynasty* (618-690/705-907)
45. Tokhara Yabghus (625-758)
46. Xueyantuo Khanate (630-647)
47. Volga Bulgaria (6??-1240)
48. Old Great Bulgar Khanate (632-668)
49. Chach/Tashkent State (658-742)
50. Kangar Union (659-750)
51. Turushka Dynasty* (6??-???)
52. Turk Shahis (665-850)
53. Zunbil Dynasty (680-870)
54. First Bulgar Empire (681-997)
55. Second Turkic Khaganate (682-742)
56. Turgesh Khanate (699-766)
57. Tatar Confederation* (700?-1202)
58. Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty* (730-1036)
59. Basmyl Khaganate (742-744)
60. Uyghur Khaganate (744-840)
61. Khaganate of Levedia (750-850)
62. Yan/An Shi (756-763)
63. Karluk Yabghu State (756-840)
64. Trakhan Dynasty (760-1821)
65. Oghuz Yabghu State (766-1055)
66. Shamkhalate of Tarki (7??-1867)
67. Kyrgyz Khaganate (840-924)
68. Kara Khanid Khanate (840-1212)
69. Qocho Kingdom (843-1209)
70. Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom (848-1036)
71. Khaganate of Etelköz (850-895)
72. Pecheneg Khanate (860-1091)
73. Tulunids (868-905)
74. Kimek-Kypchak Confederation (880-1200)
75. Arpad Dynasty (895-1301)
76. Former Jin (896-923)
77. Cuman-Kipchak Confederation (9??-1241)
78. Naiman Khanate (??-1200?)
79. Later Tang (923-937)
80. Ikhshidid Dynasty (935-969)
81. Later Jin (936-947)
82. Later Han (947-951)
83. Northern Han (951-979)
84. Ghaznavid Empire (977-1186)
85. Merkit Khanate (1000?-1200)
86. Kerait Khanate (1000?-1200?)
87. Eastern Kara Khanid State (1032-1210)
88. The Great Seljuk Empire (1037-1194)
89. Western Kara Khanid State (1041-1212)
90. Kerman Seljuk Sultanate (1041-1187)
91. Aba Dynasty (1041-1044)
92. Beylik of Navakiye (1069/70-1079)
93. Seljuk Sultanate of Turkey (1077-1308/1318)
94. Khwarezmian Empire (1077-1231)
95. Emirate of Antioch (1087-1097)
96. Syrian Seljuk State (1092-1117)
97. Khorasani Seljuks (1092-1194)
98. Burid Dynasty (1104-1154)
99. Iraqi Seljuks (1119-1194)
100. Ahmadili Dynasty (1122-1225)
101. Zengid Dynasty (1127-1250)
102. Beylik of Yarukids (1128-1232)
103. Eldiguzids (1136-1225)
104. Fergana Kara Khanid State (1141-1212)
105. Beylik of Arbil (1146-1233)
106. Salghurids (1148–1282)
107. Second Bulgar Empire* (1185-1396)
108. Khalji Dynasty of Bengal (1204-1231)
109. Mamluk/Ilbari Dynasty (1206-1290)
110. Chagatai Khanate* (1226/1266-1347)
111. Rasulid Dynasty (1229-1454)
112. Qarlughid Dynasty (1238-1266)
113. Golden Horde Khanate* (1242-1502)
114. Ahmed Bek Khanate (12??-13??)
115. Bahri Dynasty of Mamluks (1250-1382)
116. Western Kingdom of Georgia* (1258-1455)
117. Khalji Dynasty of Delhi (1290-1320)
118. Ottoman/Turkish Empire (1299-1922)
119. Banu Assaf Dynasty (1306-1591)
120. Basarab Dynasty* (1310-1627)
121. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1413)
122. White Horde (1328-1341)
123. Blue Horde (1328-1341)
124. Caucasian Tyumen Khanate (13??-1594)
125. Despotate of Lovech (1330-1446)
126. Jalayirid Sultanate* (1335-1432)
127. Chobanids* (1338-1357)
128. Shah Mir Dynasty* (1339-1561)
129. Principality of Valona* (1346-1372)
130. Western Chagatai Khanate* (1347-1465)
131. Bahmani Sultanate (1347-1527)
132. Bengal Sultanate (1352-1576)
133. Tsardom of Vidin (1356-1365/1369-1396)
134. Sufi Dynasty* (1359-1388)
135. Tyumen Khanate (1359-1563)
136. Nokrat Khanate (1361-1588)
137. Timurid Empire (1370-1508)
138. Aqqoyunlu State (1378-1508)
139. Qaraqoyunlu State (1380-1469)
140. Mansur Khanate (1380-1508)
141. Temnikov Principality (1388-1684)
142. Malwa Sultanate (1392-1462)
143. Nogai Horde (1398-1642)
144. Timurid Sultanate of Fars (1412-1414)
145. Uzbek Khanate (1428-1471)
146. Kazan Khanate (1438-1552)
147. Cağolday Khanate (1438-1500)
148. Crimean Khanate (1441-1783)
149. Astrakhan Khanate (1446-1556)
150. Lesser Nogai Horde (1449-1783)
151. Qasım Khanate (1452-1681)
152. Timurid Sultanate of Transaxonia (1454-1458)
153. Timurid Sultanate of Khorasan (1454-1458/1469-1508)
154. Hunyadi Dynasty* (1458-1490)
155. Sibir Khanate (1464-1598)
156. Yarkent Khanate (1465-1507)
157. Kazakh Khanate (1465-1729)
158. Great Horde (1466-1502)
159. Timurid Sultanate of Samarkand (1469-1500)
160. Timurid Sultanate of Fergana (1469-1504)
161. Timurid Sultanate of Hissar (1469-1498)

Timurid Sultanate of Kabulistan (1469-1502/1504-1526) 163. Turpan Khanate (1487-1690) 164. Yesi Khanate (1488-1500) 165. Adil Shahi Dynasty* (1490-1686) 166. Bidar Sultanate (1492-1619) 167. Timurid Sultanate of Bukhara (1495-1498) 168. Karatigin-Kyrgyz Confederation (15??-1810) 169. Bukhara Khanate (1501-1785) 170. Tashkent Khanate (1501-1627) 171. Safavid Empire (1501-1736/1749-1796) 172. Kingdom of Amb (1507-1969) 173. Khiva Khanate (1511-1920) 174. Kyrgyz Union (1514-1759) 175. Arabshahids (1515-1770) 176. Regency of Algiers (1516-1830) 177. Qutb Shahi Dynasty (1518-1687) 178. Arghun Dynasty* (1520-1591) 179. Gurkanid/Baburid Empire (1526-1858) 180. Ochakov/Yedisan Horde (1526-1790) 181. Beylik of Constantine* (1528-1837) 182. Khangalas Toyonate (1540-1625) 183. Tarkhan Dynasty (1554-1591) 184. Belh Khanate (1590-1850) 185. Godunov Dynasty* (1598-1605) 186. Gazakh Sultanate (1605-1801) 187. Budjak Horde (1620-1770) 188. Sakha Confederation (1625-1633) 189. Bedakhshan Khanate (1658-1869) 190. Cantemireşti Dynasty^ (1685-1711) 191. Kumul Khanate (1696-1930) 192. Sarkar Dynasty (1700-1828) 193. Husainid Dynasty (1705-1957) 194. Hokand Khanate (1709-1876) 195. Karamanlu Dynasty (1711-1835) 196. Junior Zhuz (1718-1784/1787-1824) 197. Middle Zhuz (1718-1823) 198. Senior Zhuz (1718-1824) 199. Hyderabad State (1724-1948) 200. Kara Kyrgyz Confederation (1732-1791) 201. Afsharid Dynasty (1736-1802) 202. Kingdom of Awadh (1739-1858) 203. Qajar Principality of Merv (1747-1788) 204. Qara Bayat Amirdom(Nishapur) (1747-1800) 205. Maimana Khanate (1747-1892) 206. Qajar Khanate (1750-1759/1766-1789) 207. Western Kyrgyz Confederation (1759-185?) 208. Khanate of Tashkent (1784-1808) 209. Emirate of Bukhara (1785-1920) 210. Bughu-Kyrgyz Sultanate (1785-1855) 211. Pashalik of Yanina (1787-1822) 212. Qajar Iran (1789-1925) 213. Bukey Horde (1801-1845) 214. Autonomus Egypt Eyalet (1805-1867) 215. Caucasian Imamate under Shamil* (1834-1859) 216. Kara Kyrgyz Khanate (1842-1854) 217. Qaraqalpaq Khanate (1855-1873) 218. Yettishar Uyghur Khanate (1865-1877) 219. Khedivate of Egypt (1867-1914) 220. Sultanate of Egypt (1914-1922) 221. Kingdom of Egypt (1922-1953) 222. Republic of Komrat (1906-1906) 223. Uryankhay Republic (1911-1914) 224. Western Thrace Turkish Republic (1913-1913) 225. Republic of Bashkurtistan (1917-1918) 226. Crimea Peoples Republic (1917-1918) 227. Turkestan Autonomy (1917-1918) 228. Alash Orda (1917-1920) 229. Iğdır National Republic (1917-1920) 230. Yakutia (1918-1918) 231. Southwest Caucasian National Goverment (1918-1919) 232. İdel-Ural State (1918-1919) 233. Azerbaijan Demokratic Republic (1918-1920) 234. Republic of Aras (1918-1918) 235. Karakorum Altai Goverment (1918-1922) 236. Azadistan (1919-1920) 237. Ankara Goverment (1920-1923) 238. İstanbul Government (1920-1922) 239. Tannu Tuva Peoples Republic (1921-1944) 240. Eastern Turkestan Islamic Republic (1932-1934) 241. Republic of Hatay (1938-1939) 242. Eastern Turkestan Republic (1944-1949) 243. Azerbaijan National Goverment (1945-1945) 244. Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975-1983) 245. Republic of Gagauzya (1990-1994) 246. Turkestan Autonomus Soviet Socialist 247. Peoples Republic (1918-1924) 248. Bashkir Autonomus Soviet Socialist 249. Peoples Republic (1919-1992) 250. Kazakh Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1920-1936) 251. Tatarstan Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1920-1990) 252. Khwarazm Soviet Peoples Republic (1920-1925) 253. Bukhara Soviet Peoples Republic (1920-1925) 254. Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1991) 255. Nakhichevan Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1921-1991) 256. Mountain Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1921-1924) 257. Yakut Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1922-1991) 258. Uzbekistan Soviet Socialist Republic (1924-1991) 259. Turkmenistan Soviet Socialist Republic (1925-1991) 260. Chuvash Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1925-1992) 261. Kirghiz Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1926-1936) 262. Karakalpak Autonomus Soviet Socialist Republic (1932-1992) 263. Kazakhstan Soviet Socialist Republic (1936-1991) 264. Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1936-1991) 265. Kyrgyzistan Soviet Socialist Republic (1936-1991) 266. Tuvan Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1961-1992) 267. Gagauzia Autonomus Soviet Socialist Peoples Republic (1989-1990) 268. Republic of Turkey (1923-Present) 269. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1983-Present) 270. Republic of Gagauzya (1990-1995) 271. Republic of Tatarstan (1990-Present) 272. Republic of Nakhichevan (1990-Present) 273. Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-Present) 274. Republic of Kazakhstan (1991-Present) 275. Republic of Kyrgyzistan (1991-Present) 276. Republic of Uzbekistan (1991-Present) 277. Republic of Turkmenistan (1991-Present) 278. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (1991-Present) 279. Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (1991-Present) 280. Republic of Karakalpakstan (1991-Present) 281. Karachay-Cherkess Republic (1991-Present) 282. Republic of Khakassia (1991-Present) 283. Republic of Bashkortostan (1992-Present) 284. Chuvash Republic (1992-Present) 285. Tuva Republic (1992-Present) 286. Altai Republic (1992-Present) 287. Autonomus Territorial Unit of Gagauzia (1995-Present)

I have very small amount of turkic dna(12%), I am curious if I can claim part turkic ancestry because of this amount of turkic dna

From what I've read the main difference between Turks and Azeris are that the latter have been part of Iran and the Russian/Soviet empire, and that they celebrate Nowruz and have a more Persian vocabulary and Russian names (in the north), but that fundamentally there used to be a continuum from Macedonia to Baku of different dialects and that the distinction is mostly political, unlike with say Karachay-Balkars or Turkmenistani Turkmens which are clearly divided from them. And what about Qashqai people, since when have they been considered different from Turks/Azeris, and why?

https://musaeumscythia.substack.com/

https://musaeumscythia.blogspot.com/

On this website it say that original Turkic haplogroup were C haplogroup of Turks/Mongols and N haplogroup of Yakut. In Xiongnu time and after Turks get haplogroup from Scythian like R1a, Q and J. Elite Xiongnu sample had R1a like Ashina. This mean that Scythians not Turk but they were forefather of Turk What you think?

https://musaeumscythia.blogspot.com/2023/03/ancient-dna-from-xiongnu-period-elite.html

https://musaeumscythia.blogspot.com/2023/04/a-response-to-genetic-population.html

https://musaeumscythia.blogspot.com/2024/12/the-origin-of-scythians-part-i-circum.html

These are documents of my grandfather named "josef/joseph sagirius" https://collections.arolsen-archives.org/en/search?s=SAGIRIUS
here is also a chat of me and gpt on the topic https://chatgpt.com/share/675df3a7-d2ec-8007-884b-ffc8c2c04b49
I'm curious as to the way it would have been spelt in its proper lanugage, as well as the pronunciation and etymology of the last name, is it more greek, russian, or turkic?. I've done much more reseach, I found my grandfather born in maripoul russia in 1912 as an orthodox. He was likely a pontic greek, also during that time the soviets wanted to latinize the region to seem closer to the west. I think it's reasonable to think his family name was Tsakiris or Tsakiri or something relating to Tsakir and was then simiplified to sakiri.... then latinized to have ius at the end. There is also quite of bit of turkic influence in that area so that may be considered. I think that its also possibly russian or turkic....

here are a bunch of possible names. I think my grandfather spoke greek and/or russian. I wonder of these is closer to the original. I have more posts on my profile if you are curious for more information.

Summary of Possible Variations:

1. Greek: Ιωσήφ Σακίριος (Iosif Sakirios) or Ιωσήφ Τσακίριος (Iosif Tsakirios) or Ιωσήφ Σαγιρίος (Iosif Sagirios)
2. Russian: Иосиф Сагириус (Iosif Sagirius) or Иосиф Сагир (Iosif Sagir)
3. Turkic: Yusuf Şakir or Yusuf Çakır
4. Latin: Iosif Sagirius
5. Ukrainian: Йосиф Сагіріус (Yosif Sagirius) or Йосиф Сагир (Yosif Sagir)
6. Arabic: يوسف شاكر (Yusuf Shakir)
7. Armenian: Հովհաննես Սագիրիոս (Hovhannes Sagirios)
8. Georgian: იოსები საგირიოზი (Iosebi Sagiriosi)

This a question that's been on my mind for a long time. Are there any accessible great ancient Turkic monuments? Apart from the Orkhun inscriptions and (maybe) the pyramid in China is there anything from ~5th century BC and further back that we can visit/see/touch/experience? Some burial sites in Kazakhstan and some more pyramids are being discovered, but is there anything more anywhere? I'm incredibly interested in my ancestry and apologise if it's a stupid question.

In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient Paleo-Siberian is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the hunter-gatherer people of the 15th-10th millennia before present, in northern and northeastern Siberia.

https://preview.redd.it/q0r2vz8b844e1.png?width=1280&format=png&auto=webp&s=6b5e8905fd4e33f547594c92d08092557e72bb25

Ancient Paleo-Siberian=30–36% (Afontova Gora/ANE) +64–70% (AR14k/ANEA)

The source for the East Asian component among Ancient Paleo-Siberians is to date best represented by Ancient Northern East Asian populations from the Amur region older than 13,000 years

https://preview.redd.it/1r9fgl3f844e1.png?width=1240&format=png&auto=webp&s=59f2d28c91b735d56f4e8ef4f010c92aa25784a7

https://preview.redd.it/8klla10oo64e1.png?width=1362&format=png&auto=webp&s=e8b6db1bb651b9ef8aa0241f7f3f3588c65ff44b

AR14k/C2a1a-F1699 has three main sub-branches：

1，C2a1a1-Y10418 ,its downstream branches F3918 Expanded into Siberia during the Mesolithic

2，C2a1a2-M48 (AR13-10K)

3，C2a1a3-M504 (Outer Manchuria/Boisman）

https://preview.redd.it/yyrc9s0xa44e1.png?width=996&format=png&auto=webp&s=3f2972d6f5e07b40ad56c71e203637ccd510320e

https://preview.redd.it/hqj3uiz4p44e1.jpg?width=1946&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=9208be2867a245c645d2e9384c9d5fbe14870c06

Differentiation of C-F3918
P39 (Native American)
YP5260

C-YP5260:
F15910 (Mongolia_N_North，MNG_East_N)
F1756 (ARpost9k)

https://preview.redd.it/p8grjjtbp44e1.png?width=1335&format=png&auto=webp&s=3691b10d73edc0ccfe6c53a6d9caec643a3ac545

https://preview.redd.it/jrjqjce6c44e1.png?width=1253&format=png&auto=webp&s=4c8cfd0d5e29c4ef80deae469054260910fae13f

F1756 (ARpost9k)：
F3830（West Liao River/WLR，Xianbei）
Y10420（Slab Grave，Xiongnu）

https://preview.redd.it/c84rrw1hm64e1.png?width=760&format=png&auto=webp&s=d98636bfe58258bad6bcd3a6e9f8008ec6b3f8d5

AR means Amur River
AR9k=Ancient sample from Amur River Basin 9000 years ago

https://preview.redd.it/tv1ce85xe44e1.png?width=1139&format=png&auto=webp&s=6f2ab34d91ad50637db93db58a8aabb8d758b06d

Bronze Age West Liao River farmers=Amur hunter-gatherers + Yellow River farmers, close to Mongols, Tungus, Japanese, and Koreans

Bronze Age Ulaanzuukh have a purely Amur ancestry

https://preview.redd.it/g0nrhyfdf44e1.png?width=757&format=png&auto=webp&s=39b32739114dcbd645e51be3de207c50ce9ef103

Modern Japanese people are considered a mix of both Yayoi and Jomon ancestry：

1，AEA>Jomon

The Ancient East Asians (AEA) diverged into the Jomon and ANEA/ASEA around 35kya

2，AEA>ANEA>ANA（Mixed with YR）>West Liao River farmers>The Yayoi people

https://preview.redd.it/1bf7lrs6i44e1.jpg?width=1240&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=022e295d25fc5703b39c75a6ef936b6281fdae64

Ancient Northern East Asian（ANEA）are inferred to have diverged from Ancient Southern East Asians (ASEA) around 20,000 to 26,000 BCE

Northern Han Chinese mostly carry ANEA ancestry（Neolithic Yellow River farmers+ part Amur ancestry）with a moderate degree of ASEA admixture

https://preview.redd.it/651pm0fqi44e1.png?width=1168&format=png&auto=webp&s=d3f4ddad608a63a434afb2029b43c340a4496055

The ANEA can be differentiated into broadly three sub-groups, namely the “Ancient Northeast Asians“ (ANA), “Neo-Siberians", and "Yellow River farmers". 

The image below shows: Neo-Siberian expansion

https://preview.redd.it/0utvh55cj44e1.png?width=1366&format=png&auto=webp&s=6958ddaa2a65eef5dc6d7a3501053f92ebc4ecfa

https://preview.redd.it/dfjkjpadj44e1.png?width=2863&format=png&auto=webp&s=6473520e6540c2a8e5c50aaf78ca57f07d85cfbb

Simplified migration routes of the IUP and UP expansion waves:

https://preview.redd.it/e7jmgdoqm44e1.png?width=1000&format=png&auto=webp&s=39684ef4d643f8bcfdde2b2cf3446d516cd7bc32

The origins of a family of languages including modern Japanese, Korean, Turkic and Mongolian date back some 9000 years to AR9k

AR9k, Ancient Paleo-Siberians (such as Cisbaikal_LNBA), MNG_North_N, MNG_East_N.... can all be traced back to AR14k

Neo-Siberians, Yellow River farmers (YR), and Ancient Northeast Asians (AR14-19k) can all be traced back to ANEA(25kya)

Turkish heavily employs open [æ] and closed [e] E distinction. Although not represented in orthography, speakers do use these two vowels. The language follows a strict set of rules to determine which E's are open and which are closed (see here for examples and rules).

Similarly, I know that Azerbaijan Turkish also has this distinction, and theirs is also shown in writing [ə/e].

Question to native Turkic speakers: does your language have the open/closed E distinction? If it does, are there specific rules for it like in Turkish?

Question to linguists/people interested in Turkic linguistics: is this distinction present in Proto-Turkic or was it a later development?

I have seen conflicting opinions online, according to some all Common Turkic languages descend from the Old Turkic language from the Orkhon inscriptions, yet Old Turkic is classified into the Siberian Turkic branch, wouldn't this mean that the Kipchak, Oghuz and Karluk branches don't descend from it and were already separate languages by the time of the Göktürks? Or does it simply mean that the Siberian Turkic languages are more archaic and have just preserved more features of Old Turkic than the other branches?