https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/oct/17/how-a-putrid-find-in-a-museum-cupboard-could-be-the-key-to-bringing-the-tasmanian-tiger-back-to-life

I need a basic explanation for my molecular biology midterm.

Evolution, in simple words, is the changes in an organism so that it can overcome survival threat and continue the species.

I always thought can evolution go in reverse? We know that dark skin tone is a gene that commands the production of melanin which developed in first place because humans didn't have UV protection in earlier times and the body developed this pigment (especially in humans near the equator, high UV intensity).

We also know that when these dark skin people are exposed to an environment with low intensity sunlight (less UV), they can't synthesis vitamin as effectively. And let's say that the dark skin tone people shift to such an environment. Due to vitamin D synthesis being less effective, can evolution reduce the pigment feature over course of many generations? Can it unevolve? (I know evolution is more on survival threat than some vitamin synthesis problem but what if vitamin D synthesis gets so extremely defective, it becomes a survival threat? ) Let's also just say they don't get Vitamin D from food.

Is it possible to get ill again soon after having a bacterial infection? (with the same bacterial infection of course)

Or do you bild antibodies, so you are not going ill again like when having a cold?

I should mention something like this before but I'll post something like it again. I'm at a crossroads right now with which way I should go as far as my future career. I was doing some coding and loved it but I don't know if I'll know enough to be good at it and go on my own to take on projects. So, I have a BS in Biology but this was in 2021 when I graduated. I'm foggy with the material and couldn't tell you the simple basics. I thought about going to school for my MS in biology so that I could teach. I'll be a good teacher and make it fun for the class.

I'm thinking of going to GCU for my master's and I want to know if this is something you guys in biology would recommend. I want to do something with my BS degree but if not then I'm looking at maybe going backwards and going for an AA in respiratory therapy. I just don't know what to do. I'm just wasting time at this moment in my job at the hospital. I need to make better money and also a comfortable career where I can retire.

like out of this world phenomenals

I will go first...

• the electric fish ⚡ 🐟

(genus Torpedo) and the freshwater electric eel (Electrophorus electricus)

• the pistol shrimp blaster.

• Okapi : what the hell okapi is?

• the immortal creature

hydrozoan Turritopsis dohrnii

I ask for curiosity. If it's the cold, there are monkeys in Japan surviving freezing winters. So why?

I want to create a simulation of an ant colony, and create a realistic enough AI so that the ants communicate the same properties that they would in real life, and to do that, i sort of need to know what they communicate.

Im very curious about ants. but odd, but i find it fascinating how creatures with such small brains are essentially capable of a role-based society.
I think most people know they communicate with pheromones', smell, touch and taste, and slightly less people know that they communicate with sound (although, incredibly feint)

Im more so curious about what they communicate, and their language.

I did some reading (Wikipedia), and they sort of have a language. their language is "very sophisticated" and, use shorter messages to communicate common things, and sometimes even abbreviating regular messages.
its almost like a language.
im just really churious to know how they communicate certain things, because if they can do that then there has to be some kind of structure to the language right? they would have subjects, verbs, objects, and they can abbreviate. i find that insane. and not only that, but they can do basic arithmetic as well!!!!

What i really want to know is what the ants communicate. lets say an ant creates a pheramone trail to some cheese that's on the ground, what information is present within the pheramone? for example, (not saying this is the case, but just an example of an answer) a pheromones' trail to cheese would contain the length, general direction, who found it, the type of trail, the danger along the trail, the amount of food at the end of the trail, ect. are those the properties they communicate with their pheromones'? or is it just as simple as "follow for yummy".

i guess for this AI, i need to know the decision making of the ants as well. how would they know what they need to communicate based on its sensory inputs?

this post is a little bit schizophrenic, because i don't know how to explain my question. i hope that my rant gives an idea of the answer im looking for, and maybe this post is more suitable as a discussion rather than directly answering the question. so if you cant answer, share your thaughts. i'd love to see other peoples thaughts regarding this lol.

anyway, long story short.....

What do ants communicate.

the article i read https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_communication#cite_note-:1-4

1: Assume we have a pair of identical twins. We magically switch out ONE specific gene sequence in the one twin, which results in them having orange eyes. Without any other information, what would the probability be that changing said gene in another random (unrelated) baby would cause the same effect? Would it be fair to presume that there is a high chance the same effect would occur? (Something like 'it's more likely than not...')?

An analogy to this would be me walking over and spilling a mysterious juice on someone's skin that causes their skin to turn green. I would presume that the same effect would occur on another unrelated random person, despite not yet running any additional tests.

The question, then, is basically: is there something fundamentally different about how genes work that would make these two circumstances non-analagous? To be clear, I understand that there's uncertainty regardless. The substance of this question is more about whether a logical induction can be made similarly between them.

2: Imagine they're twins, rather than identical twins. Does the answer change?

3: Let's assume that my brief Google research is right in that there are 150~ genes that determine skin color. Let's assume that we identify 150~ genes in one group of people like a country that seem to determine something like teeth size. Would it be reasonable to presume that these genes would also likely have the same effect on another group of people, like a different country? Or would it be just as likely that these genes have a completely different effect or no effect at all on teeth?

A virus that infects cells, and prevents the infected cells from dying or revives the infected cells. Come on here, I don’t want to die (of old age and anything for that matter).

What steps should I take as a biology student to ensure I can find a job after school? I have read a lot of others saying that they regret their degree, or that a general biology degree is useless without experience etc

It makes me wonder. Like photosyntheses. Like oil from diatoms. The defacation from tiny creatures provides some form of unique nutrition to the soil. From snails and spiders and even beetles or roaches. There must be some irreplaceable benefit to the symbiosis that might not yet be identified, or appreciated, by science.

So are there studies that target the molecules each creatures unique physiology might contribute, from after what they eat? Not like sequestered toxins used as defenses. I mean like actual physiologically affected nutrient.

This is something I’m really struggling with. like I understand the differences in terms of how they are contracted and rather they are contagious or not but that’s about it. Does anyone have any tips?

Hello everyone. I am an undergraduate majoring in biology, and this semester I decided to take a microbiology class. Well, something I was thinking about was how my professor assigned us this Sci Show video about how yogurt is made, and it mentioned how in the United States, iir every yogurt is legally supposed to have S. Thermophilis and I think it was lactobacilus balgarus.

So, I decided to look at the cultures in some Activia probiotic yogurt, and they had those two, plus one other. When I compared it to I think it was some Yoplait, I saw that it also had live and active cultures, but I can't remember if it had any other species.

I think the thing I felt sort of dumb about was that I make yogurt, but when I first bought a thing of yogurt, I specifically looked for "probiotic yogurt" since that's what I was originally told to do. But, thinking about it now, I guess I could have spent just 50c on some Yoplait since the main stars of the show I think are just those two species, or at least, they work just fine. Do probiotic ones have higher concentrations or something? Are there yogurts that don't have live and active cultures?

Hello inhabitants of the r/biology

I am thinking about doing research on different saprolegnia strains and their effects on fishes for my bachelor's degree.

I wanted to know if it's possible to identify different saprolegnia strains by doing (micro and macro) morphological identification, without using any molecular methods (such as DNA sequencing, ITSR, etc).

I am trying to avoid the molecular techniques since they are costy here and we are not sponsored by the supervisor/uni.

Morever, I am confused about one thing... Can fungal diseases cause changes in genome sequence of living organism? Can mutations/different strains occur in a fungi due to change in temperature and altitude?

My research is in zoology however I dont know much about botany/mycology and I am weak in Genetics/Biotechnology.

Thanks for your time, have a good day. (I apologize for the grammatically wrong english... It's not my main language)

I am watching a documentary about an oasis somewhere near the Yemen border and there are a lot of dromedary camels. They aren't feral but are there any?

Where are research or teaching assistantships advertised, particularly involving cell culture? For instance, are journals a good source, and if so which?

How do you study biology more indepth an more easier than what school generally orders me to read and learn?

I was recently in a conversation and points came up like “trust your instincts” and “it’s in your nature.” We say these things as just phrases but it really really got me thinking. If we (humans) are animals, we do have instinct and a general nature that should be unique to each individual. And that really got me interested. What does instinct look/feel like? I’m sure I’ve felt it but never just threw a tag on it.

Another point to this was what does human nature look like? What is raw undistracted human nature truly look like? If you think about it we are the only animals on the planet that have and kind of constructs. Things like religion, complex society, social agreements about partners. Has there ever been any documentation on human nature? To bring this into perspective the conversation was about a person cheating on another person because “he couldn’t help himself” and then somehow nature came into the conversation and it was said “some people aren’t meant to be in a monogamous relationship” and it just got the gears turning like is that true in nature, are humans in nature supposed to have one partner for life? Is that why there’s so many issues with cheating? Because we are fighting our natural instincts. Are humans not generally supposed to have that? Like obviously we do without issue most of the time but there’s a lot of things that go on that really make you think.

This whole thing goes so deep, I’ve been thinking about this for quite a while and the points keep popping up. Like what does self defense look like in nature when it’s you living in a cave and there’s a bear outside. What do “cavemen” actually live like. I assume we hunt in packs like hunter/gatherer type situation. But I’m just ultimately curious what natural, raw, human nature is on all fronts.

Hi I am a medical student but I am very interested in cellular biology and genetics. Recently I have gone down the rabbit hole of evolution and I am still learning it, so I stumbled about this theory and it was amazing to me and made much sense and let me imagine many scenarios for the beginning of life and evolution in general. I want to share my understanding and correct me if i got it wrong :)

1- The primordial genes, bunch of molecules under certain conditions in the right place and the right time clumped together and formed stable molecules that has the ability to self replicate like RNAs

2- Errors during self replication might have caused the new formed RNA to acquire new traits, which could be bad leading to reduced ability to self replication or beneficial to let them self replicate at a greater efficiency and numbers, thus outcompeting the other RNAs for resources

3- Eventually across a very time period these RNAs kept acquiring positive and negative traits and became more complex to outperform other genes and as they get more complex this pressures the other genes to become more complex as well and it became a "genetic arm race" Every RNA is ensuring its survival by trial and error

4- Essentially this race is everlasting because the genes are selfish and want to self replicate forever and even though the primordial genes had infinite resources, another greedy gene was better and took the resources for themselves, forcing the former gene to evolve to have a chance at survival

5- Genes are the masterminds for wars over resources and they developed very complex and sophisticated ways to help itself replicate forever, using organisms as a vehicle for its goal, don't care about you they just want to dominate and proliferate

6- So essentially though simple bacteria could proliferate forever thus eliminating the need for evolving, it wasn't the case because even bacterial strains competed each other for resources and developed ways to kill each other asserting their dominance. The more complex bacteria had a better chance than less complex bacteria, so they become more complex and complex until it turned into an eukaryotic cell for example, and this continued on and on

7- Even altruism we see today between humans and other species and even though there are symbiotic relationships between some species the goal and the only goal is to self replicate and self preservation doing all the necessary means to survive and have mutual benefits, but once one side becomes better or can live without the other, it's over for the relationship and the better organisms dominates

8- Cancer cells are amazing, they aren't evil or stupid they are cells that acquire an advantage to dominate and hoard resources essential for their replication and survival, they don't care about the host and it's a prime example of selfish genes.

So what do you think did I get it right? Sorry it's too long but I am enthusiastic about this topic and would like for more knowledgeable people to see if I am right or wrong.

would be there any other negative side effect of nicotine patches besides that?

I recently lost my grandfather to a severe infection in the lungs and pneumonia. While having lots of thoughts about the cycle of life and death, above question came to my mind. Now that my grandfather (the host) has passed, what will happen to the infection itself from now on? Will it continue to spread to the rest of the body freely or will it die out eventually? If it's going to die out what is the point of infecting in long term?

Are there any organisms that can bind with the human body to improve it ? I know some people use parasites when they have immune system disorders that attack there body. But that’s not a true symbiotic relationship .