Just random dates I'm fascinated with how this area of human reproduction has advanced and who were the leaders of this science at the time.

We have a term for megafauna being anything that's over 110lbs. We have a term for microscopic fauna. But nothing in the middle. What does a rat classify as? unless I just failed to find it..

It's not really a good way to classify all animals, but Idk I was writing and then encountered this problem.

I’m taking foundations of cellular and molecular biotechnology and have an exam coming up, who would you recommend I watch to help me study?

Looking for a little reassurance. My son is 12 and seems to be very short compared to his peers and even shorter than some friends who are 2 years younger than him. Every summer they all seem to have big growth spurts but my son does not. He isn’t showing any sign of puberty at all. Is this something I need to be concerned about? Could it just be that he is going to be a really short adult?

Ficus is a genus of sea snail within the kingdom Animalia, and is also a separate genus of plants within Plantae. Wouldn’t it be less confusing to change the spelling a little so you have two similar, but also two different genera names?

Hi guys,

I'm currently thinking about pursuing a Ph.D. in Bioethics and becoming a Bioethicist. I'm really passionate about this role, but I don't understand much about the career prospects of such a degree (if I search on LinkedIn or simply 'Bioethicist salary,' I don't get any results).

Is anyone in this field?

So this is going to be kinda weird, but here goes.

There was a quote that I once read that really made me think, and it went something like this: You are the latest link in a chain of life going back 3.8 billion years, and if you or your siblings don’t have children, that chain will be broken forever.

I’ve always had a deep sense of cosmic anxiety stemming from the fact that we’re nothing but blips in the grand scheme of space and time. In a sense, when I die, the information that makes me “me” will also be gone. Having biological children would be a way to ensure that information “survives”.

Now, of course, that alone is a terrible reason to have children. Besides, having children is not really an option for me right now. I do have a brother, and he is married, but I don’t know if they’re planning on having kids anytime soon.

However, I’m still kind of interested in preserving my genetic information so that it could, hypothetically, be used in the future to yield children. I’m wondering what my options are.

Obviously, I could donate sperm, but I really don’t want someone knocking on my door in 18 years saying they’re my son/daughter. Is there some way I could, say, freeze my sperm and then arrange for it to become available for use after a certain time period?

Alternatively, if I could have my genome sequenced and store it somewhere, as a file of some sort, could that hypothetically be used in the future to create artificial sperm? 

Could I preserve stem cells? Can sperm be made from those?

What about hair, saliva, blood, or skin? Is it possible to preserve those, and if so, could it be hypothetically possible to create sperm from any of those? 

What about something like DNA banking or DNA preservation?

I realize this is a weird question. I swear, I understand that children are so much more than just a means of passing along genes or creating a legacy. It’s just that I’ve always had this underlying cosmic anxiety and I think something like this might help to alleviate that. 

What drives hibernation and what differences exist between species? Can an individual “skip” hibernating?

This paper examines Neospora caninum, a protozoan parasite, through the lens of evolutionary biology and its potential applications in immune modulation.

Key Findings:

1. Evolutionary pressures may have shaped N. caninum to minimize harm in its primary hosts (e.g., cattle) while conferring incidental benefits to humans.
2. Early observations suggest it might target senescent or dysregulated cells and modulate immune responses, offering intriguing therapeutic potential.
3. Includes detailed specimen collection and extraction protocols, focusing on cost-effective, accessible methods.

Discussion Topics:

• How might this organism’s evolutionary adaptations inform its potential use in immunology or cancer therapy?
• What are the ecological implications of its co-evolution with cattle and incidental exposure in humans?
• Could studying N. caninum open up new frontiers in biomedicine?

Link to the full paper:
Neospora caninum Ecological Evolutionary Pressures, Specimen Collection, and Extraction

I’d love to hear thoughts from this community on the evolutionary and biological aspects of this research.

It doesn't use atp as the definition of direct transport requires

So why it's classified as a direct active transport pump?

Hello! I'm working on my master's thesis and a research project (Functional Traits in Plants). I'll have to read a lot of literature, so I was wondering if you know of any apps or websites to organize papers. Also, any advice on organizing research would be helpful!

I checked on the internet what peroxisomes functions are

I found that their functions are beta oxidation, synthesis fatty acid, ethanol metabolism, idrogen peroxide metabolism. The production of H2O2 comes from the beta oxidation

But our teacher didn't told us this.

She said just that peroxisomes contain peroxidases which are enzimes that catalize oxidation reactions (uratoxidase, aminoacidoxidase, glicolateoxidase) and that they're related to idrogen peroxide metabolism. She said that the production of H2O2 comes from these oxidation reaction

Why didn't she tell us about beta oxidation? Maybe the role that peroxisomes have on fatty acid oxidation and synthesis is negligible? Is there a reason why I shouldn't mention the role of peroxisomes on fatty acid oxidation-synthesis?

I need a professional who can tell me if I make sense. Please do not respond with certainty if you are not sure:

Muscles grow through a process called muscle hypertrophy, which consists of applying excessive pressure or effort on the muscles, causing micro-tears that heal and build more muscle. Warming up before training is a healthy habit for many reasons, the main one in weightlifting being the prevention of tears. Do you already have an idea where this is going?

Basically, my theory is that if you don’t warm up before lifting weights, there would be more micro-tears with less time or effort—obviously with a higher risk of injury. I’m not saying it’s a good idea to practice this, I just want to know if it makes sense, and if not, why?

We all know that when it comes to evolution, the guiding principle isn’t perfection—it’s "good enough." Natural selection doesn’t design from scratch; it tweaks and repurposes existing structures, often leading to hilariously inefficient or downright bizarre biological solutions.

What are your favorite examples of biological kludges, inefficiencies, or evolutionary leftovers that just barely get the job done?

Hello !!

Kind of a long complicated question here. I’m a second year biology major, trying to set a plan for my future 😅. I’m trying to decide what would be my best option after college. I would like to stay away from medicine as it is not a passion of mine. From people that have already been down this road, what kind of jobs would you recommend?? I know there’s not much to do with only a bachelors and I wouldn’t mind getting a masters, I was extremely lucky to find a university that is going to cover all of my tuition for my bachelors, so if it would help me find a better paying job I would definitely invest on myself and get a masters. I know this is a vague question but just want to look at possible careers.

I’m in A-level biology right now and I’m having a hard time understanding, Photosystems 1 and 2, cyclic phosphorylation and the Calvin cycle. Does anyone have any good ways to remember them?

Hi, I have a question. I'm a biology student, and I'm currently taking a course called Genetic Engineering. I'm having a hard time understanding the concepts in this class.

I tried using the recommended books from the course syllabus, but the main suggestion is a general genetics textbook. While it’s obviously related, I feel like the topics we're covering aren’t explained in enough detail, or sometimes I can’t find them at all.

Could anyone recommend a good book for studying genetic engineering and better understanding its concepts? I’d really appreciate any suggestions!

Yesterday, I was with a group of family members when, out of nowhere, my aunt said, "I smell cockroach."

I immediately responded, "Cockroaches have a smell?"

And she said, "Of course! A horrible smell."

The conversation went back and forth a few times, and it became clear that she wasn’t talking about the smell of sewage or a dirty place, but rather a specific cockroach smell that she can detect even in a clean kitchen.

There were ten people at the table, and everyone thought I was just joking, but...

I HAVE NEVER IN MY LIFE SMELLED ANYTHING COMING FROM A COCKROACH.

It’s a disgusting insect and often lives near smelly sewers, but I have never noticed a distinct smell from it.

Do you smell cockroaches?

Hey everyone,

I'm a biology student with a strong interest in bioinformatics. I recently developed a web application that uses the iNaturalist API to display nearby plant species in a more user-friendly way than searching directly on iNaturalist. The app allows users to filter results by genus and shows the coordinates of where the plants are located.

However, I feel like it’s not as useful as I’d like it to be. I'm wondering if you have any suggestions for features I could add or ways to make it more helpful. Do you think knowing the exact location of a plant is useful, or should I focus on something else?

I’d really appreciate any feedback!

I remember learning in biology that red hair is recessive and that brown hair is dominant so in order to have red hair someone needs to red hair alleles and only one brown hair alleles is needed to have brown hair. When I look at my own hair it seems to be a reddish brown hair and I have also been told that my hair has a red tint. Why is this? Is saying that brown hair is dominant and red hair is recessive so that a person with one allele for red hair and one for brown hair will just have brown hair an oversimplification?

I am running an experiment and want to look at how different spfs of sunscreens impact the growth of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that has been exposed to UV light. I am going to put some sunscreen on some cling wrap and put that over the agar plate (without a lid yet) and then put it under a strong UV light source for around 2 minutes before removing the cling wrap, closing the plate and incubating. After incubation I will could the number of colonies. I am hoping that higher spf sunscreen will protect the yeast from damage so more colonies will be able to form.

I just want to know if this is likely to work and give results I could easily analyse. I have found 4 different SPFs (same brand) and a control with no SPF.

Any feedback is appreciated!

My main concern is if the UV source has UVC which sunscreen isn't made to defend against.