Hey there! I’ve done a bit of sleuthing and calculated the 2D top-view dimensions of the B-21 Raider, including a rough estimate of its surface area, based on all available public information. The wingspan is approximately 132 feet, and the length from the nose tip to the rear is 54 feet. This assumes the wingtips align with the rear of the plane, as suggested by images and sources. Additionally, the wings and wing flaps are angled 35° inward toward the body. Using this data, and assuming the variables are correct, I was able to determine the 2D plane dimensions.

Now, I’ll explain the math behind the calculations in simple terms. I began by sketching the B-21 and labeling its dimensions, adding variables to make solving the problem easier. The plane was divided down the middle to simplify the dimensions. Using basic trigonometry and simple triangle shapes, I calculated the lengths of various parts of the plane.

Initially, I encountered some difficulty when calculating the wing length because I assumed the wings had straight tips, which led to inconsistent results. After correcting this, I found that the wing length (x) was approximately 81 feet (80.57112 feet, to be precise), using the formula:

sin(55°) = 66/x or cos(35°) = 66/x

At this point, I encountered my first major challenge, as I had limited data to continue. However, by applying logical reasoning to the angles, I found that the angle of the wingtip (h) was 55°, allowing me to calculate the tip length. The wingtip was roughly 14 feet (13.57500 feet), using:

cos(55°) = ay/h

(“ay” being the height of the triangle formed by the wingtip.)

Next, I calculated the length of the wing flaps. These flaps form an obtuse isosceles triangle, with angles of 55° at the bottom and 110° at the top. By bisecting the triangle, I simplified the calculation. The wing flaps measured approximately 33.5 feet (33.49805 feet), using:

cos(35°) = 0.5z/?

(“z” represents the base length of the wing flaps, halved due to the bisected triangle. “?” is the variable I assigned to the wing flap length.)

I found “z” by subtracting “ax” from 66, and “ax” was calculated using the Pythagorean theorem for the wingtips.

Finally, I calculated the 2D surface area of the B-21 Raider to be approximately 2,936.87 square feet, with the help of some sketching software provided by my school for 3D printing.

For more details on my sources and the sketches I used, please check the images below. Feel free to ask questions in the comments if you’d like further explanations of any calculations! And before someone says, no none of this information is available online to just find. I had to do the calculations myself and Wikipedia is where the general characteristics image comes from.

https://preview.redd.it/zn6e4eidjnpd1.jpg?width=828&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=37fdc217741d3bb472eba9919bfd0a12eb486411

https://preview.redd.it/a2rmw0idjnpd1.jpg?width=362&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=1c493be6ded0ac0f65501ad8ef36d68e169c8e13

https://preview.redd.it/7nh9o0idjnpd1.jpg?width=3024&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=82386f770fe8c7738fc69816ccb41baa670deccc

https://preview.redd.it/j2lp71idjnpd1.jpg?width=4032&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=bdb267e18d2e3830e6e4167784a2cc21f7d8c8a3

https://preview.redd.it/rmd6t0idjnpd1.jpg?width=374&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=85b54e6f2c6791133f755aab1cd38cda128ea632

https://preview.redd.it/bzvhk1idjnpd1.jpg?width=771&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=d024c780b7b8c6541c892691e5762e54374cfa50

https://preview.redd.it/1ujyl1idjnpd1.png?width=758&format=png&auto=webp&s=79bc713c7971cfb976975516e9fe6fc4bf59cfb8

I want to make a project with a door opener. I want to implement it with a motor, the motor should have a connected rod perpendicular to the axis of rotation. When the motor rotates it smacks the doorknob open. I did some measurements and I need a motor with 0.6 newton meters of torque minimum, and 100 rpm cause it should open the door quickly when activated. Anyone knows of a decent motor with low price and low voltage, preferably low noise capable of doing it? Any improvements on the project design is appreciated.

# Intro

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Welcome to the weekly career discussion thread, where you can talk about all career & professional topics. Topics may include:

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* Professional career guidance & questions; e.g. job hunting advice, job offers comparisons, how to network

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Pulled apart a meter for a friend, case is plastic and in two parts, held together by three screws. I noticed a light sealant of some kind between the two halves of the enclosure - I’d like to clean that surface and re-seal it, what should I use?

It’s not a water tight device by any means so I think this sealant exists just to keep dirt, etc. out of the internals. Whatever it is, it needs to seal but not bond to the extent that this thing can’t be taken apart again.

All suggestions are welcome. Thanks in advance.

Edit: Typo

I'm trying to make a water fill station for small containers (2.5 and 5 gallon containers), and I'm hunting around for flow meter/valve combinations. What I want to do is set something like an egg timer for the amount of water I want, and have it shut itself off when that amount has gone through, so that I don't have to babysit the container while it gets near full.

Something like this would be absolutely perfect: https://www.qcsupply.com/arad-volumetric-1-valve-2500gallons.html except that smallest these go is 250 gallons, which is waaay too large. Otherwise, everything I can find measure *time* not *flow*.

Any ideas? I'm not even sure I'm using the right search terms :)

Hi All - I am looking for a suggestion for software that might take a continuous, multi span beam, and apply 1 point load per span but place it in the location/combination of spans that would create the highest moment. Does such software exist?

I am currently using software and literally moving loads around by the inch/ deleting point loads on certain spans/etc to try to locate the absolute worse case and it is driving me crazy trying to keep track of what locations i've tried/am i missing combinations/etc. Appreciate any help!!

I am looking to take my CEM exam and could use some suggestions on study guide material. I have been in the HVAC industry for 5 years now and have a degree in Mech. Engineering. That being said, I feel confident on what I have reviewed so far but could brush up on the LEED/ASHRAE codes, energy calcs, and basic material.

On the AEE website, they recommend three texts - Handbook of Energy Engineering, 7th by D. Paul Mehta and Albert Thumann; the Energy Management Handbook, 9th Edition by Stephen Roosa, Steve Doty and Wayne C. Turner; and Guide to Energy Management, 8th Edition by Barney L. Capehart, Wayne C. Turner and William J. Kennedy. Do I really need all three books to fully prepare, or will one suffice? If so, which book will best prepare me for the test?

Looking for any other suggestions that might be helpful. Thanks!

We build most of our stuff through a domestic CM - ISO certified and all that. Recently they requested some more money on a project - a large part of that being assembly hours. I took a closer look and the time estimates are simply unhinged. One of them was 2-3 hours each for an item that is literally assembled with 5 fasteners - takes <5 minutes to put together. Reading between the lines it’s pretty clear that their estimate is just the hourly rate of the builder times 40 hours - not based on any rational assessment of how long the work will take.

Theoretically we only pay for actual time spent, but I can’t shake the feeling that even if we paid for this and got reimbursed for the delta, we’d still be getting overbilled.

I’m having a mini existential crisis - like how on Earth can you ever trust that you’re being billed fairly under T&M? And if you’re in a situation like this where you notice a quote that’s clearly nonsense - how do you handle it? Should you try and fight back on the quoted amount? Just cross your fingers and hope they reimburse you fairly?

Hey All - Bear with me: I work FT as an Engineer, but have never done a single thing on the civil or architectural side of the wall.

I'm doing some doodling on the Tax Map of a property I own, which includes the border lengths, but not headings. Maybe it's good enough for now that I'm just pretty close (it's an irregularly shaped property) but it'd be nice to have an AutoCAD drawing I can relatively trust.

I've already asked the Town and County, and everyone has informed me that no electronic versions of the Tax Maps exist. They spontaneously appear online as PDFs, and not a single person in the government knows how, and I should stop asking.

Now maybe I'm wrong, but I can't imagine all the folks doing subdevelopments/track housing, etc. are working without AutoCAD - I assume Civil 3D exists for a reason, right? Where are those companies getting their information from? Or are they developing the maps and then sending them to the local municipalities? I know I'm not an industry insider, but I feel like I must be missing something or asking the wrong questions for the answers I'm getting.

Appreciate anyone steering me in the right direction. For what it's worth, I'm in Western New York.

# Overview

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(Describe the details of the open position here. Please be thorough and upfront with the position details. Use of non-HR'd (realistic) requirements is encouraged.)

# Intro

​

Welcome to the weekly career discussion thread, where you can talk about all career & professional topics. Topics may include:

​

* Professional career guidance & questions; e.g. job hunting advice, job offers comparisons, how to network

​

* Educational guidance & questions; e.g. what engineering discipline to major in, which university is good,

​

* Feedback on your résumé, CV, cover letter, etc.

​

* The job market, compensation, relocation, and other topics on the economics of engineering.

​

> [Archive of past threads](https://www.reddit.com/r/engineering/search?q=flair%3A%22weekly+discussion%22&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all)

​

---

​

## Guidelines

​

1. **Before asking any questions, consult [the AskEngineers wiki.](https://new.reddit.com/r/askengineers/wiki/faq)\*\* There are detailed answers to common questions on:

* Job compensation

* Cost of Living adjustments

* Advice for how to decide on an engineering major

* How to choose which university to attend

​

1. Most subreddit rules still apply and will be enforced, especially R7 and R9 (with the obvious exceptions of R1 and R3)

​

1. Job POSTINGS must go into the latest [**Monthly Hiring Thread.**]((https://www.reddit.com/r/engineering/search?q=flair%3A%22hiring+thread%22&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all)) Any that are posted here will be removed, and you'll be kindly redirected to the hiring thread.

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1. **Do not request interviews in this thread!** If you need to interview an engineer for your school assignment, use the list in the sidebar.

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## Resources

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* [The AskEngineers wiki](https://new.reddit.com/r/askengineers/wiki/faq)

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* [The AskEngineers Quarterly Salary Survey](https://www.reddit.com/r/AskEngineers/search/?q=flair%3A%22salary+survey%22&include_over_18=on&restrict_sr=on&t=all&sort=new)

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* **For students:** [*"What's your average day like as an engineer?"*](https://www.reddit.com/r/AskEngineers/wiki/faq#wiki_what.27s_your_average_day_like_as_an_engineer.3F) We recommend that you spend an hour or so reading about what engineers actually do at work. This will help you make a more informed decision on which major to choose, or at least give you enough info to ask follow-up questions here.

​

* For those of you interested in a career in software development / Computer Science, go to r/cscareerquestions.

I’m majoring in mechanical engineering and I’m looking to get some hands on experience with some personal projects. What practical projects are a good way to learn when starting off? I’m also interested in recommendations on tools and resources that have helped anyone in any field. Im willing to buy any materials as well as taking apart electronics/devices to repurpose them for learning and building projects.

I teach writing for engineers and sometimes hold workshops on technical communication. I like students to be able to review authentic documents in order to identify strengths and weaknesses. I'm searching for actual (anonymized of course) engineering documents that are poor or weak - mainly memos, emails, reports, contracts. ect.. (Strong examples are welcome as well, but actual, weak examples are much harder to come by and sometimes more illuminating). My aim is to help students work from real communication scenarios among engineers. For anyone working in a technical field, your contributions would be incredibly helpful - with the "pay-it-forward" of, I hope, the next generation of engineers to be more proficient, mindful communicators (i.e., making our lives easier!). Thank you!

Hi, I'm looking at designing a system I need some help with. The system is a material handling cart that moves linearly down and up a manufacturing area (X-axis direction). The cart holds a rack of 1500 lb pieces of equipment that get placed sequentially in our process.

We currently have some older designs that were slapped together decades ago by good ol' farm engineering, these use an XY gantry, which seems overly complicated (IMHO), etc., current design uses a 2-sided chain drive to move the trolley hoist's Y-axis monorail along X, but in the application, the hoist never really uses the Y-axis, it almost always stays centered, in the edge case where it's not I would argue we could use fixed pulleys to operate the hoist in the 2 needed offset positions to either side. So I was wondering about designing a new cart with a single monorail oriented to the X-axis on the top of the cart, so it can hoist the pieces as it moves down the manufacturing area, and all the moving parts are exclusively in the trolley hoist, without needing a 2nd (hydraulic) motor, torque bars, and chains.

Problem I'm wondering about is interia, if the cart is moving in +X, in the operator will be unracking a 1500 lb part off the cart, moving it off the rack position in front of the cart, heading the piece towards -X, to lower it into position when the cart gets to the next placement point (the cart is doing work while it's traveling down the path, the piece needs to clear the rack before it can be lowered, the lowering point is in the rear of the cart workspace). I'm not sure how to look for this, as I need a motorized trolley that needs to resist outside forces so it doesnt overshoot where the operator is trying to put it and eg. smack into the back end of the cart or hit someone standing there rigging who has to rig between pieces (it doesn't travel very fast to begin with, walking speed, but still) Pretty much all the trolleys I see online are idle/manually pushed up/down the monorail who is selling ones where I can electronically control the trolley (X), hoist (Z), and braking motion? Any recommendations?

I recently stumbled upon a very nice diagram that visualizes the relations of mechanical threads to material, size, strength and a few others. Another one of this style I use often would be the P-H diagram for water. I know I used many of those diagrams while studying, and still am making them myself if Ive got the time (they require some effort). Unfortunately I rarely see them in newer textbooks or online. It's all tables or even specific calculators now. I think these visualizations are awesome since they're accurate enough to use for a first validation and show the trends and relations between 3 or more properties. I'd like to print a few of those and put them on my wall. Do you know of any good of such diagrams that you use regularly or just look awesome/show some fascinating relations? Books that contain nice diagrams? Also: If anyone knows the technical term for this style of visualizations, please let me know :)

My company is purchasing a high voltage product from a European manufacturer for the first time. We were covering safety standards and certifications. The American made version needs to follow NFPA 70E and an incident energy release study needs to be conducted to select the right arc flash + HV PPE. During our call with this vendor, they (understandably) aren't aware of 70e standard. However, their de-energizing procedure doesn't mention much about arc flash protection.

Does Europe not have a similar safety standard to NFPA 70E? What protections do workers need to follow when performing live high voltage work or high voltage deenergizing procedures?

Also apologize for the vagueness, as I do not want to reveal too much information online.

edit: so the product we are buying runs on 650 VDC

Hi, first time posting here. I'm a machinist from Germany. So I have a question regarding airfoils. I'm thinking of designing and milling a cnc chip-fan for our in-house manufacturing. I have a 30k spindle on my machine so I can't use a huge chip-fan that kills my bearings (plus they are expensive). I would like to see your suggestions of which "standard" airfoil shape would be best for pushing air down. Now there are a few solid aluminum chip-fan's out there (looks like they use flat bottom airfoil and straight wings) but they are still around D100mm. I'm thinking of making one D50mm. Any examples or typical designs of airfoils that would be suitable for a chip fan or where a different airfoil shape would be even better than flat-bottoms ones?

Good morning, I am creating a standardized title block for my companies drawings.

Does anyone know of a standard dictating or laying the guidelines on proprietary and confidential statements (what they need to include, etc.)? I need to make sure the statement legally protects us in the instance of the drawing being distributed or used without permission while abiding by ISO and AS9100.

I am still new (sub 2 years of experience as a mechanical engineer) to learning the codes so any help is appreciated!

Update: Drafting an email with some mocks for legal consult. Thank you for the advice!

# Intro

​

Welcome to the weekly career discussion thread, where you can talk about all career & professional topics. Topics may include:

​

* Professional career guidance & questions; e.g. job hunting advice, job offers comparisons, how to network

​

* Educational guidance & questions; e.g. what engineering discipline to major in, which university is good,

​

* Feedback on your résumé, CV, cover letter, etc.

​

* The job market, compensation, relocation, and other topics on the economics of engineering.

​

> [Archive of past threads](https://www.reddit.com/r/engineering/search?q=flair%3A%22weekly+discussion%22&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all)

​

---

​

## Guidelines

​

1. **Before asking any questions, consult [the AskEngineers wiki.](https://new.reddit.com/r/askengineers/wiki/faq)\*\* There are detailed answers to common questions on:

* Job compensation

* Cost of Living adjustments

* Advice for how to decide on an engineering major

* How to choose which university to attend

​

1. Most subreddit rules still apply and will be enforced, especially R7 and R9 (with the obvious exceptions of R1 and R3)

​

1. Job POSTINGS must go into the latest [**Monthly Hiring Thread.**]((https://www.reddit.com/r/engineering/search?q=flair%3A%22hiring+thread%22&restrict_sr=on&sort=new&t=all)) Any that are posted here will be removed, and you'll be kindly redirected to the hiring thread.

​

1. **Do not request interviews in this thread!** If you need to interview an engineer for your school assignment, use the list in the sidebar.

​

## Resources

​

* [The AskEngineers wiki](https://new.reddit.com/r/askengineers/wiki/faq)

​

* [The AskEngineers Quarterly Salary Survey](https://www.reddit.com/r/AskEngineers/search/?q=flair%3A%22salary+survey%22&include_over_18=on&restrict_sr=on&t=all&sort=new)

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* **For students:** [*"What's your average day like as an engineer?"*](https://www.reddit.com/r/AskEngineers/wiki/faq#wiki_what.27s_your_average_day_like_as_an_engineer.3F) We recommend that you spend an hour or so reading about what engineers actually do at work. This will help you make a more informed decision on which major to choose, or at least give you enough info to ask follow-up questions here.

​

* For those of you interested in a career in software development / Computer Science, go to r/cscareerquestions.

Hi I'm from India & work with an NGO placed at the intersection of conservation, well-being & livelihoods.

I'm interested in piloting glass to sand/aggregates to substitute natural sand/aggregates in the construction sector to limit the ecological impact on the fragile areas in my locality.

Check the examples of people using it in Melbourne & Louisana.

I would like to set up such machines to produce this sand. I have some queries:

1. If we pulverize the glass to small particle - is there a risk of harm for the operators/consumers? What to modify/add in the process to prevent it?
2. Is it possible to make do with a pulverizer & sifter? Are there simple ways/machines to polish the sand (if there is a need)?
3. What is a set up that you would recommend as the overall budget is quite low (8-10 lakh rupees/10000 usd)?

I welcome general thoughts, suggestions, questions, criticisms & well wishes too!

Links to a few papers on this:

1. Strength of concrete from g2s in different % of substitution1
2. No significant reduction in strength (compressive, flexural & tensile) due to substitution up to 30% sand2
3. Geotechnical, mineralogical and morphological behaviour of G2S is comparable to natural sand & machine cut sand.3
4. 30 % G2S substitution of sand using white/green/brown glass provided similar strength as limestone sand.4

I'm largely a Reddit lurker and spend more time on other subs, but I'm curious about any answer to this question: so, I'm mildly autistic according to tests and I occupy a certain spot on the spectrum (not too bad one). I absolutely love engineering, especially architectural engineering, and I find bridges, overpass design, and other urban infrastructure pretty much the most exciting thing that exists. I could look at city plans for hours.

Why am I like this? Why is engineering so interesting to many autistic people?

Hello everyone!

I have an update (2) on the cold storage project. Apologies for keeping you waiting for this update. I've been very busy with this project and another one.

Here’s the update:

The first three photos show the old setup, including the original condition of the circuit boards, which are quite outdated.

Photo 4 features the scrubber. This machine removes CO2 by passing it through activated carbon, where the CO2 is absorbed. The scrubber manages its own valves and the valves on top of the cold storage. This system will remain unchanged. The scrubber will initiate a specific cell, as directed by the control system, which I am going to upgrade.

Photo 5 is a diagram illustrating the airflow of the scrubber.

Photo 6 shows a drawing of the dosing flow diagram. The dosing system controls the oxygen (O2) percentage in a specific cell.

Photo 7 is a diagram depicting the flow within the dosing cabinet.

If you have any questions or need further clarification on anything, please let me know. I really enjoy explaining this to you, but it's a new experience for me.

https://preview.redd.it/ckflw570b2ld1.jpg?width=1200&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=30fa37f2374de90feb5f8e150e9ac788fa461557

https://preview.redd.it/xg1ey570b2ld1.jpg?width=1200&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=8a41185333bc3c47e166e62398166c6aeb8cbe14

https://preview.redd.it/tbtqo670b2ld1.jpg?width=1200&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=ab65ac5189d03672701d747160b7c1cc1e61166f

https://preview.redd.it/ye8v0f52b2ld1.jpg?width=1200&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=a678e073fdb77fe0cc3ba498f40066c4fc036e3d

https://preview.redd.it/y2bowj42b2ld1.png?width=1800&format=png&auto=webp&s=4d290d8f57269c5679aede8590497bb9f6c182ab

https://preview.redd.it/fypx4k98b2ld1.png?width=1776&format=png&auto=webp&s=007c65b30e3bf3760b3ebaf50d5b6ffb4d8ca792

https://preview.redd.it/7rplo9s8b2ld1.png?width=1333&format=png&auto=webp&s=ffec88c04bdf254f80d2a0ccaacb5eefd3ca21be

# Intro

​

Welcome to the weekly career discussion thread, where you can talk about all career & professional topics. Topics may include:

​

* Professional career guidance & questions; e.g. job hunting advice, job offers comparisons, how to network

​

* Educational guidance & questions; e.g. what engineering discipline to major in, which university is good,

​

* Feedback on your résumé, CV, cover letter, etc.

​

* The job market, compensation, relocation, and other topics on the economics of engineering.

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Hi all,

I'm a Canadian graduate (BSc Mech Engineering), who subsequently worked in the USA for 6 years in Automotive. Mixture of technical/PM roles, always job title 'Engineer'.

I never registered as a PE in the US, nor a P.Eng in Canada. I have returned to Canada for family reasons, and have been looking to take on some remote contract work through some former colleagues who are at US-based startups. I would be performing this work from Ontario under a sole proprietorship. I want to make sure I'm not falling afoul of the PEO board in my scope of practice.

The non-technical tasks I'm marketing to my clients: Market research, product requirement setting, product management, project/program management, policy research (technical domains)

Technical tasks I'm not performing: Development of test standards, Execution of tests, Structural calculations/FEA, Thermal/Aero CFD

If needed, I would title myself professionally as Product Manager, or Consultant.

Questions:

• Would being associated with an engineering firm as a client, and having an Engineering degree + worked as 'Engineer' in the past cause issues with PEO, regardless of current tasks? Would I have some burden of proof?
• Would performing the technical tasks without being the sign-off authority make them acceptable to engage in?

Any advice on how PEO determines 'Practicing Engineering without a License' would be appreciated.