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What I am looking for is when there's a dominant language, like an official language in a country for example, and speakers of a different language fill their speech with calques, calque translations of phrases and loaned words that do not adapt to the language's phonetic system.

It also should necessarily exclude the already established common words between the languages and dialect forms from the bordering regions, as well as necessarily being in irregular use (so not a koine). Surzhyk and trasianka also fits this definition.

My acquaintance, who is a linguist, argues that the definition I've provided is a true definition of surzhyk, instead of just a mix of Russian and Ukrainian or anything that sounds like Russian in Ukrainian except for the native cognates. Also he argues that by that definition, surzhyk is something so negative that it should be cleansed from the spoken language.

My position is that he's redefining an already established term, and the term "surzhyk" by itself should be gone out of use, as it's used to shame people for having such a speech that resembles a mix of Russian and Ukrainian, which makes them ditch their way of speaking altogether and go just for a "linguistically pure" Russian or Ukrainian. So if he wants to fight against this phenomenon so much he should make up a new word for it.

So, does such a word already exist? Also does this phenomenon happen in other languages as well?

There are biscuits on the sideboard, if you want some. -- J. L. Austin

These look like regular conditionals "If A then B," but without a logical implication--instead, they serve to inform the listener of B just in case A is true. Other examples:

• "If you're interested, there's a good documentary on PBS tonight."
• "Yes, Oswald shot Kennedy, if that's what you're asking me."
• "If you need anything, my name's Matt."

So far, I've also encountered them in Spanish and Japanese... I'm rather curious how common they are and what different language communities' opinions of them are. (And of course, feel free to share any other strange conditionals in your language!)

Just wonder why

https://preview.redd.it/a9mlvifdsq1e1.png?width=1166&format=png&auto=webp&s=4d6621fd733facdb3e26243ca71ff191e40c5503

A newline.

Uh

oh.

Hey guys so I have a presentation about second language acquisition theories and I would like to know your approach to doing such a presentation how would you describe each Theory are you going to include some stories or just stick to textbook things

ᏑᏇᏖ Ꮓ ᏂᏅᎨᏅ Ꮹ, ᎤᎹᎴᎾᎦᎳ Ꮒ ᏏᏖ ᏥᏳ Ꮥ ᎠᎵ, ᎧᏧ, ᏐᏅᎨᏅ Ꮩ ᎨᏅᎵ Ꮩ Ꮒ ᏧᎢᏖ ᏈᎣᏙ Ꮥ ᎠᎷ. ᏂᏅᎨᏅ Ꮹ, ᎵᏎᎢ Ꮩ ᎵᎣᏏᏅ Ꮩ Ꭳ ᏌᏑᎨᎳᏖᎴ ᎣᎵ, ᏔᎦᎢ Ꮒ ᏙᎰ Ꮓ ᏎᎢᏏᏅ Ꭳ ᎼᏖ ᎪᏙ ᏏᎾᎨᎴᏆ ᎾᎳᎾᎢ.

H is derived from Etruscan 𐌇, which itself is derived from Old Italic 𐌇 which is derived from Archaic Greek 𐌇. In Greek, 𐌇 evolves into Greek Heta, Η, which splits into Middle Greek Eta(Η) and Heta(Ͱ). Heta went on to become Claudian letter Half H(Ⱶ), but that is irrelevant. Η went on in cyrillic as Izhe(Η), and then evolved into И, which looks like an N, however we will get into that later.

In the middle of the alphabet, N is derived from Etruscan 𐌍, which is derived from Old Italic 𐌍, which is derived from Greek Nu, Ν. Ν then got into Cyrillic as Nash(Ν), and then into En(Н), which looks exactly like an H.

Н and H look the same, but the former is related to N and the latter is H. И looks like N but is related to H which looks the same as Н. To clarify, N's line progressively got shorter overtime and became H, however H did the opposite and became И.