If I'm correct the word star in proto celtic is "Sterā", and in Gaulish "(Ð)Sirona". But I don't know what Morning is in Gaulish, or how Morning Star would be rendered.

I'm not sure which Celtic language of the 6 surviving ones to start with because I eventually plan to learn all the 5 others and later on delve into learning what we know of for the ancient extinct tongues since my primary reason for learning Celtic languages is because of an on and off interest into ancient Celtic religions due to a paranormal experience I had years ago which I prefer to keep confidential.

So which of the still existing language is the best foundations to gradually go into learning the others and eventually graduate into ancient and now extinct languages only known in functional form because of academia and scholars?

I’m currently working on a new novel and Gaul features heavily in the story. I have a few lines I would like to have translated as I am trying to portray the cultural aspects as accurately as I can.

I see this sub doesn’t have a lot of activity but I am hoping my request can breath at least a little life into the community.

The first line I need is:

“Every nine years shall you return to offer yourself in sacrifice. Every nine years, until you offer the one of your blood and bone, will you give yourself to the rulers of the earth.”

Link

This is the Gaulish glossary as taken from Olivier Piqueron's Yextis Keltika for everyone to see. The document is read only, if you want anything DM me! I decided to split verbs into its own spot in the sheet, so use the link to teleport back & forth in the document. I will be updating it as I do more translations in Gaulish.

Good luck!

##Hello there!

It's the next part of me tranlsating an info text from one of the descriptions from Rome II Total War game. In my previous translation I made some mistakes and didn't provide an overlook on how to read the glossings. In this part I'll write glossings, then Gaulish-flavored English text of the translation, and a commentary afterwards with other specifics.

I'm also preparing to publish the Dictionary form Olivier Piqueron's Yextis Keltika in Excel online for people to use. Stay tuned!

The whole phrase reads:

1. In battle, they were not outmatched on an individual level by Romans or Greeks.
2. Celts often favored spear in battle.
3. It is a simple weapon, and a Celtic warrior might carry several into a fight:
4. lighter javelins to hurl onto the enemy under approach or charge,
5. and sometimes an iron-tipped spear for close combat.

Dictionary:

• ###In battle, they were not outmatched on an individual level by Romans or Greeks.

In katū ni-winkontir sōs romānobi graikobiwe wer dibeynalū lārū.
IN battle=I/A.SG NOT-surpass=PASS.PL themselves=ACC Roman=I/A.PL\ Greek=I/A.PL=OR.particle on individual=I/A.SG level=I/A.SG\

• (Gaul.) "in battle [THEY] weren't surpassed by Romans or by Greeks on individual ground(s)"
• Commentary: see below the line on passive.\

The -we particle works same as -que in Latin in a model noun+noun-we.
The root for individual was taken from the verb to split, so something splitted, idiomatically...
Romans and Greeks are taken as adjectives romānos & graikos.

• ###Celts often favored spear in battle.

Keltoī ratontu amel gaison in katū.
Celt=NOM.PL favor=IMPF.3PL often(welsh) spear=ACC.SG IN battle=I/A.SG

• (gaul.) "Celts favored often spear in battle."
• Commentary: so that "often" from welsh is still WIP, not sure how to reconstruct it properly.\

the verb ratye/o is taken as a |root+ye/o| -ye causative suff. and ratus (Verbal Noun from arna/era "to offer, to\ give") "favor, fortune".

• ###It is a simple weapon, and a Celtic warrior might carry several into a fight:

Eði-ū gaisaton redi enti kingēs celtis beretu dowpennān sindon in bāgaī:
Be=3SG-3SG.PRON weapon=NOM simple=NOM AND warrior=NOM.SG celtic=NOM.SG\ carry=IMPF.3SG pair=ACC.SG this=GEN.PL IN battle=I/A.SG

• (gaul.) Is-this a weapon simple and a warrior celtic carried a pair of those in battle.

• Commentary: I wasn't sure what equivalent of "may/might\

carry"; modality is hard without modal verbs. I need to consult
Latin on it later. I came up with general imperfective as in "they would usually carry this and that" dowpennā,ās was taken from welsh/irish denoting two heads and meaning a pair, I decided to stick with it.
It's built from dwo[two]+pennā[head], dwo shifts to dow, maybe possible to leave it as dwopennā.

• ###lighter javelins to hurl onto the enemy under approach or charge,

skawnisās sparā korī/koros ad namantūs tīnktu adritīwe,
light=COMP.ACC.PL javelin=ACC.PL throw.VN=DAT.SG AT enemy=I/A.PL\ approach=I/A.SG,

• (gaul.) lighter javekins are [to be] thrown at the enemy under arrival or under charge/attack,
• Commentary: I took skawnos from this French-Britton dictionary, very handy\

I used the Verbal Noun(VN) as a sort of gerund in DATIVE (still unsure) to express purpose so koros "throw" became kori "for
throwing" something similar is going on in Anc.Greek where infinitives are\ declined. Although one can leave it as is in hopes of conveying a gerund as in\ Carthago delenda est "Carthage should/must be destroyed".

I couldn't come up with a decent way to translate an adverbial/circumstantial\ clause — I decided to abstain from taking ander for English "under" — so I came\ up with an adverbial participle (need to figure out how it is done in Cetic
langs now) via buti "to be" + participle in I/A (instrumental/ablative) to show the time ramifications of the process/state.

• ###and sometimes an iron-tipped spear for close combat.

enti wextābi areberontu sparon kanti bennaī īsarnī katowi adgoðowi.
AND time=I/A.PL use=IMPF.3PL spear=ACC.SG WITH tip=I/A.SG iron=GEN.SG combat=DAT.SG close=DAT.SG

• (gaul.) and (in some times) [they] used javelins with tips of iron for close combat.
• Commentary: wextabi is "times" in instrumental which conveys temporal\ frequentative meaning. I took it from Irish and Welsh word which were basically words\

for time in a strange plural form. And most of Gaulish time nouns — days, months etc. — are used in INSTR.
I think it is possible to some how make "tip" into a participle, but I decided to make do with a regular phrase.

##On glossing Glossing is a great tool for showing bare bones grammar. This way you'd see all the intricacies of the translation and what distances it took to travel in order to convey a particular meaning in Gaulish.\ So NOM, GEN, ACC, DAT, I/A, LOC are glosses for cases.\ IMPF, PRES, PRET, etc. those are verb tense/aspect forms.
the "=" sign in word=... means that the flexion/ending of a word contains\ THIS.THAT grammar marking. The dot means that those markings occur simultaneously in that ending.
I will write all conjunctions and particles(because, not, how) in English proper capitalized.
This expressions [stuff#1]=[stuff#2] means the whole form of stuff#1 equals to stuff#2
For instance [good=I/A.SG]=[ADV] would mean "adjective good in\ INSTRUMENTAL/ABLATIVE case, in singular, equals to an adverb good" and so on...

##On Passive

I really had a hard time searching for a plausible passive model in Yextis Keltika there are only impersonal forms for some verbs marked for number (sg/pl). I've read Ms. Piqueron's paper on deponents and passives in Gaulish and I thouht about ni-tixsenor siens which would mean NOT-verb.OPTATIVE yourself.ACC which is more manageable. For the most part the passive system in Celtic langs seem to come down to impersonals with infixed pronouns in acc. or without any as in Old Irish.

Though I wanted to wade into the woods of passive system of Proto-Celtic, but it seemed overcomplicated and over-reliant on IE material. So this hypothetical Latin-esque system for passives is very hard to constrcut. A fellow at nouiogalatis had written a number of stories in Anc. Gaulish, and he used simple analytical construction Past Participle + buti, which is brilliant, even close to Latin forms. So for now I am on the cross-roads over this issue, but I think about living these quasi impersonal form with accusative or instrumental for agent nouns ( "killed by wind" type of construction).

Hello there! I decided to translate a short paragraph into Ancient Gaulish taken from Olivier Piqueron's Yextis Keltika. Here's first line.

*ex-lántā =>incomplete

• rixtalos,ā,on => formal, conventional
• tregyon =>n*order, structure [rigyon]
• rixtiyā =>f*tactics
• rakatyatis,ōs =>m*opponent
• Galātēyos,ā,on => able, capable, competent
• Mēnowregyos =>m*metalworker, wright, metallurgist
• Arebere/o[a2a/D=> to use, to employ
• Kalmīnos,ā,on[adj=> experienced, proficient, practiced
• Kalmīnyon,ī[n.=>experience, dependability

• While Celts often lacked the formal organizations and tactics of their more “civilized” opponents,

  • Eric Celtoī aml ēbu-esat exlāntā rixtālon tregyī enti rixtiyās eson ‘cīvīlium’ rakatiyon
  • Because the Celts often(welsh.) [PRON.3pl.DAT—3sg.tobe.IMPERF]=[had] lacking(deadj)=NOM formal=GEN organization=GEN AND tactics=GEN they=3PL.GEN LAT.opponent=3PL.GEN

• they did have extremely able metalworkers, and long experience as mercenaries.

  • esānt-ī mēnowregyoī extamū galātēyoī enti kalmīnyon māron gaisatebi.
  • tobe=3PL-PRON.3PL.EMPH metalworker=NOM.PL [extreme=INSTR]=[ADV] able=3PL AND experience=NOM big=NEUT.NOM mercenary=PL.INSTR

Hi, a few of us are trying to create something FIFA-related for Atlas Altera and it involves the use of the conlang Modern Gaulish (which is based on Gaulish), and we were wondering if this was the correct translation, based on the language resources we were able to comb through from the creator's website.

Celichn Aiactopu* in Bíthu ri Ghwiré

Cup of Football of the World for Men

Men's Association Football World Cup

*Note that we are using a Turkish loanword for the lore in the project. The continental Celtic language branch survives as Galatian in our fictional project...

Anyway, I thought I would put it out here in case someone might be able to offer what they think the translation would be, as the language is close enough to the real Gaulish, but also, if anyone would like to translate it to real Gaulish, that would be great too.

Any help or discussion would be appreciated. Thanks!

I am working on a Galatian-related Celtic conlang spoken in modern Syria/Turkey with an Aramaic/Syriac substratum, but as not much vocabulary seems to be available for Galatian, I am using Gaulish as a basis. Since my idea is that a further group split off at what became Galatia to head further, so they probably wouldn’t have spoken Galatian anyway. My issue is that the only Swadesh list I can find for Gaulish is this one (https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/User:RubixLang/Gaulish_Swadesh_list), and much of the columns are empty. I was wondering if anyone here could help me not only evaluate the accuracy of the vocabulary, but especially fill in the blanks, or give me sources which are accurate and cover vocabulary. Thanks in advance.

It's called New Gaulish for now, and it's supposed to be a hypothetical of what Gaulish could've looked like if it continued to exist beside the romance languages in western Europe.

I'm going about it in chronological periods, I've currently developed only Early New-Gaulish, which is if late gaulish lasted ~500 more year, or ~1000-1100 CE.

Early New-Gaulish has 16 consonants

b - /b/

c - /k/

d - /d/

g - /g/

h - /x/

j - /j/

l - /l/

m - /m/

n - /n ŋ/

p - /p/

r - /r/

s - /s/

t - /t/

v - /v/

w - /w/

x - /ɣ/

z - /dz/ /z/

10 vowels

a - /a/ "ah"

e - /e/ "ay"

i - /i/ "ee"

o - /o/ "oh"

u - /u/ "oo"

â - /aː/ "ah" but long

ê - /eː/ "ay" but long

î - /iː/ "ee" but long

ô - /oː/ "oh" but long

û - /uː/ "oo" but long

5 accented vowels

ä - /.a/ /a./ distinct syllable from surrounding vowels

ë - /.e/ /e./ distinct syllable from surrounding vowels

ï - /.i/ /i./ distinct syllable from surrounding vowels

ö - /.o/ /o./ distinct syllable from surrounding vowels

ü - /.u/ /u./ distinct syllable from surrounding vowels

4 diphthongs

ai - /ai/ "long i"

ei - /ei/ "ay"

oi - /oi/ "oy"

au - /au/ "ow"

2 digraphs th - /θ/ dh - /ð/

I've constructed verb conjugations, noun declension, several nouns, personal pronouns, & the verb "to be" in early New-Gaulish based on sound changes from Gaulish to late Gaulish then to early New-Gaulish, however i haven't begun to consider how noun declensions or verb conjugations might merge together or drop out if use yet.

personal pronouns for Early New-Gaulish:

| nom.| acc. | gen. | abl. | dat. | instr. | loc. :--:| :--: | :--: | :--: | :--:| :--: | :--: | :--: 1 s. | mî | me | mon | me | mî | mî | mî 1 p. | snî | snî | anthron | ame | amê | amê | amê 2 s. | tû | te | tô | te | tî | tî | tî 2 p. | swî | swî | swethron | ume | umê | umê | umê 3 s. m. | es | en | esjo | emmod | emmî | î | immi 3 s. f. | sî | sin | esja | esja | esjî | î | esjî 3 s. n. | ed | ed | esjo | esjo | emmî | î | immi 3 p. m. | îs | ens | îson | îson | îmo | îmo | îmo 3 p. f. | îs | ens | îson | îson | îmo | îmo | îmo 3 p. n. | î | î | îson | îson | îmo | îmo | îmo

Proto Celtic had two verbs for "to be"; buyeti/buyū & esti/esmi which became Gaulish biiete/buyu & eði/immi

eði/immi in modern gaulish

active voice

| fut. | imp. | pres. | pres. sub. | imperf. | perf. | past sub. :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: 1 s. | ses | - | im | es | sen | es | esâne 2 s. | sesjâs | es | es | esjas | es | es | es 3 s. | ses | est | es | esth | es | est | es 1 p. | ses | so | im | es | semets | seth | esmets 2 p. | ses | ste | es | esâth | ses | seth | es 3 p. | sesânth | senth | esenth | esânth | sethets | sethonth | esânthets

passive voice

| fut. | imp. | pres. | pres. sub. | imperf. | perf. | past sub. :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: 1 s. | sesâr | - | esûr | esâr | - | - | - 2 s. | sestar | esar | esar | esar | - | - | - 3 s. | sestor | esor | esor | esor | es | es | - 1 p. | sesmor | somor | semor | emor | - | - | - 2 p. | sesu | sezu | sezu | esu | - | - | - 3 p. | sesânthor | sonthor | senthor | esânthor | senthits |sethûts | -

I'm making a staff and on the back want to burn the words "Vecorix's stick". Would "bath vecorixias" be the proper way to indicate possession?

Does someone have a link to an Old Gaulish or also called Galataca Sena Dictionary?

Edit : Actually it seems that there are a few posts with content related to it, but I haven't noticed at first, sorry...

As I've never seen anyone submit content related to it, I wanted to know your opinions: This is essentially a project that takes ancient Gaulish as a base but creates a derivation from it by applying hypothetical (but I suppose coherent?) sound changes, here's an example :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGq5KvJ--fk

As you can imagine, the language sounds less "Latin" & more like Irish or Welsh, do you think this is a good way to establish a revitalization project?

Note that the "conlang" is as I understand it fully functional as a modern language, it even has resources on its website for learning:

https://www.moderngaulish.org/

I think it’s a really cool document but I can’t find it anywhere

Hello everyone,

May I ask you a favor. I have made an Asterix and Obelix LEGO IDEA set and I'm looking for support. It is based on three of the Asterix comics and on three of the movies. Perhaps you would like to have a look. But first I would like to ask if I can post it here. Is that alright?

Best regards, Ganpat the Celt

What would be a way of saying "Roma Delenda Est" in Gaulish? I skimmed over this and what I came up with was "Roma Dicharé", of course this could be incredibly wrong so I'd like to ask you lads if that's ok.

I am intrigued by the culture of the continental Celts and pleased this sub exists. Are you guys still interested in the subject?