This is a follow-up post on the topic of verbs of state. In the post from last month (September), I introduced the new subcategory verbs of state with four noun/verbs: termo (heat), bardi (cold), cinon (intelligence), and xohra (fame), and hinted at the possibility of including other verbs in this subcategory. Earlier this month, in a response on Discord, I suggested that sungay (damage, harm, injury) might qualify as a verb of state, and promised to comb through the entire list of Globasa verbs to identify other possible verbs of state and establish clearer guidelines for defining which verbs should be included in this new subcategory.

Definition of Verbs of State

After much consideration, I came up with the following characteristics necessary to define verbs of state: non-count noun denoting a state in a spectrum with a non-pertinent change of state and/or cause.

As we can see, termo, bardi, cinon and xohra are clearly non-count nouns that denote a state in a spectrum (or a non-binary state). Things can be high to low in heat or cold, and people can be high to low in intelligence or fame. The part about having a non-pertinent change of state and/or cause means that the state could be an innate characteristic or a state whose origin is unimportant in the immediate context: if something is hot or cold there's obviously a reason, but the fact that there's a specific, known reason is not within the focus of the given sentence.

This is why -pul, rather than -do, is added to form default adjectives using these noun/verbs: termopul (warm, hot), bardipul (cold), cinonpul (intelligent), xohrapul (famous). Yes, it's also possible to add -do to at least termo and bardi to form termodo (heated) and bardido (cooled). But in this case, the change of state or cause is pertinent, so in truth, we should say that it may (-do) or may not (-pul) be pertinent. In other words, if it's always pertinent, the candidate noun/verb would not qualify as a verb of state, even if we're dealing with a non-count noun denoting a state in a spectrum.

These guidelines may seem restrictive, but that's the idea, since we want ambitransitive verbs to be a relatively limited category of verbs that we can easily recognize as belonging. With looser guidelines we would be forced to consider a broader range of noun/verbs, many of which would in practice turn out to feel rather awkward as ambitransitive verbs.

Therefore, in combing through the entire list of Globasa verbs, my goal was to establish a definition for verbs of state that would only include noun/verbs that work similarly to termo, bardi, cinon and xohra, semantically speaking. In that light, perhaps an easier, more intuitive way to view this subcategory is to think of these as noun/verbs that could've easily been introduced into Globasa as adj/adv words instead (warm, cold, intelligent, famous), but which for one or another reason ended up working better as noun/verb words that add -pul to form their counterpart adj/adv words.

Adjusted Verbs now functioning as Ambitransitive Verbs of State

In the end, the only three verbs that I found to fit the bill to be added to the subcategory of verbs of state are: bawlu (violence), hatari (danger), and ambisi (ambition).

Current usage:

bawlu (b.oj) violence; violate

hatari (b.nenoj) danger; be in danger

ambisi (b.oj) ambition; aspire (to)

Note: hatari was recently changed from an ambitransitive verb meaning be in danger or put in danger into an intransitive verb, but apparently, I forgot to adjust the definition to only leave be in danger. At any rate, it's back to being an ambitransitive verb, but with a meaning that conforms to a verb of state. See below.

New usage:

bawlu (b.oro) violence; be violent, cause to be violent

Note: As suggested by Chinese and Vietnamese, the source languages for bawlu, the verb to violate doesn't actually mean to use violence on, so depending on the meaning, it could be expressed as something like posetatu (disobey) or posfolo (go against) when referring to something like violating a law or an order. If we wanted to express to use violence on, yonbawlu could probably work (compare with: yonfobi). For rape, we currently have sekso-bawlu, which would not work with the new meaning of bawlu; bawlu-sekso, on the other hand, does work. We could also introduce a root word for assault and use the compound sex-assault.

hatari (b.oro) danger; be dangerous, cause to be dangerous

Note: For be in danger we would say sen in hatari, while inhatari would mean get in danger or put in danger (compare with: inbistar, pergeo, etc.)

ambisi (b.oro) ambition; be ambitious, cause to be ambitious

Note: So instead of ambisi being a transitive verb that means aspire (to), we would use ambisi intransitively along with cel, much like in English: ambisi cel ("have ambition or be ambitious for").

Disqualified Candidates Verbs

Sukses is an interesting case. This noun/verb does actually conform to the required definition. However, as a verb, we want sukses to mean "to attain success" rather than "to be successful", as the former is a more useful and common meaning. If we wanted to introduce sukses into this subcategory we would have to say xorsukses to mean "to succeed". It's doable, but my guess is that in practice, this would be resisted by people simply dropping xor-, whether on purpose or not.

Other candidates that didn't fit the definition were: estigma (stigma), lanetu (condemnation), suferi (suffering), kontamina (contamination), taradudu (hesitation).

How about sungay? As we can see, sungay didn't fit the bill after all since it's not a non-count noun or a state in a spectrum. Other verbs similar to sungay are: enfeksi (infection), juruha (wound, injury), and paralisi (paralysis). However, it occurs to me that it's still possible that these could function as ambitransitive verbs by adding them to the subcategory of agentless verbs, and have them function much like kasiru (break). I will explore this possibility further and write a follow-up post in November.

I will also be updating the Menalari and website in the next few days with the new verbs of state subcategory.

1. Robert

• Englisa (Robert)
• Espanisa (Roberto)
• Fransesa (Robert)
• Rusisa (Роберт "Robert")
• Doycisa (Rupert, Ruprecht)
• Indonesisa (Robertus)
• Pilipinasa (Roberto)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (روبرت "Rubirt")
• Swahilisa (Robati)
• Parsisa (رابرت "Râbert")
• Turkisa ??
• Putunhwa ??
• Hangusa (로베르토 "Roberuto")
• Niponsa (ロベルト "Roberuto", ロバート "Robato")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Germani name

Jeni: Roberto

2. William

• Englisa (William)
• Espanisa (Guillermo)
• Fransesa (Guillaume)
• Rusisa (Гильом "Gilyom")
• Doycisa (Wilhelm)
• Indonesisa (Gulielmus)
• Pilipinasa (Guillermo, Gilyermo)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (ويليام "Wilyam")
• Swahilisa (Wiliamu)
• Parsisa ??
• Turkisa ??
• Putunhwa (威廉 "Weylyan")
• Hangusa (윌리엄 "Williom")
• Niponsa (ウィリアム "Wiriamu")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Germani name

Jeni: Wilyem?

3. Richard, Rick

• Englisa (Richard, Rick)
• Espanisa (Ricardo)
• Fransesa (Richard "Rixar")
• Rusisa (Ричард "Ricard")
• Doycisa (Richard "Rihar")
• Indonesisa ??
• Pilipinasa (Ricardo)
• Hindi (रिचर्ड "Ricard")
• Telugusa (రిచర్డ్ "Ricard")
• Arabisa (ريتشارد "Ritxard")
• Swahilisa (Rikardo)
• Parsisa (ریچارد "Ricârd")
• Turkisa ??
• Putunhwa (理查 "Lica")
• Hangusa (리처드 "Licodu")
• Niponsa (リチャード "Ricado")
• Vyetnamsa (Richớt)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Germani name

Jeni: Ricardo

4. Christopher

• Englisa (Christopher)
• Espanisa (Cristóbal)
• Fransesa (Christophe)
• Rusisa (Христофор "Hristofor")
• Doycisa (Christoph)
• Indonesisa (Kristofer)
• Pilipinasa (Kristobal)
• Hindi (क्रिस्तोफर "Kristofar")
• Telugusa (క్రిస్టోఫర్ "Kristofar")
• Arabisa (كْرِيسْتُوفَر "Kristufar")
• Swahilisa (Kristofa)
• Parsisa (کریستوفر "Keristofer")
• Turkisa (Kristof, Hristofor)
• Putunhwa (克里斯托弗 "Kelisitwofu")
• Hangusa (크리스토퍼 "Kurisutopo")
• Niponsa (クリストファー "Kurisutofa")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Elinili name

Jeni: Kristofe, Kristofar

5. Barbara

• Englisa (Barbara)
• Espanisa (Bárbara)
• Fransesa (Barbara, Barbe)
• Rusisa (Варвара "Varvara")
• Doycisa (Barbara)
• Indonesisa (Barbara)
• Pilipinasa (Barbara)
• Hindi (बारबरा "Barbara")?
• Telugusa (బార్బరా "Barbara")
• Arabisa (بربارة "Barbara")
• Swahilisa (Barbara)
• Parsisa (باربارا "Barbara")
• Turkisa (Barbara)
• Putunhwa (芭芭拉 "Babala", 巴兒拔拉 "Baerbala")
• Hangusa (바르바라 "Barubara")
• Niponsa (バルバラ "Barubara")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Elinili name

Jeni: Barbara

6. Edward

• Englisa (Edward)
• Espanisa (Eduardo)
• Fransesa (Édouard)
• Rusisa (Эдуард "Eduard")
• Doycisa (Eduard)
• Indonesisa (Edward)
• Pilipinasa (Eduardo)
• Hindi (एडवर्ड "Edvard")
• Telugusa (ఎడ్వర్డ్ "Edvard")
• Arabisa (إدوارد "Idward")
• Swahilisa (Edward)
• Parsisa (ادوارد "Edvârd")
• Turkisa (Edward)
• Putunhwa (愛德華 "Aydehwa")
• Hangusa (에드워드 "Eduwodu")
• Niponsa (エドワード "Edowado")
• Vyetnamsa (Edward)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Germani name

Jeni: Edwardo, Edward

7. Justin

• Englisa (Justin)
• Espanisa (Justín)
• Fransesa (Justin)
• Rusisa (Юстин "Yustin")
• Doycisa (Justin)
• Indonesisa (Yustinus)
• Pilipinasa (Justino, Justin)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (جاستن "Jastin")
• Swahilisa (Justin, Justino, Justini)
• Parsisa (ژوستین "Jostiyan")
• Turkisa ??
• Putunhwa (游斯丁 "Yowsiding")
• Hangusa (유스티노 "Yusutino")
• Niponsa (ユスティノス "Yusutinosu")
• Vyetnamsa (Giúttinô, Justinô)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Romali name

Jeni: Yustin, Justin

8. Dorothy, Dorothea

• Englisa (Dorothy, Dorothea)
• Espanisa (Dorotea)
• Fransesa (Dorothée)
• Rusisa (Дорофея "Dorofeya")
• Doycisa (Dorothea)
• Indonesisa ??
• Pilipinasa (Dorotea)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (دوروثيا "Duruṯiya")
• Swahilisa (Dorotea)
• Parsisa ??
• Turkisa ??
• Putunhwa (多罗德 "Dolwode")
• Hangusa (도로테아 "Dorotea")
• Niponsa (ドロテア "Dorotea")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Elinili name

Jeni: Dorote, Dorotea

9. Raymond

• Englisa (Raymond)
• Espanisa (Ramón, Raimundo; Ramona)
• Fransesa (Raymond)
• Rusisa (Раймунд "Raymund")
• Doycisa (Raimund)
• Indonesisa (Raymundus, Raymund)
• Pilipinasa (Ramón, Raymundo)
• Hindi (रेमंड "Remand")
• Telugusa (రేమండ్ "Remand")
• Arabisa (ريمون "Rimun")
• Swahilisa (Raimuni, Ramon)
• Parsisa (ریموند "Remond")
• Turkisa ??
• Putunhwa (雷孟 "Leymeng", 雷蒙德 "Leymengde")
• Hangusa (라이문도 "Raimundo")
• Niponsa (レーモンド "Remondo")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Germani name

Jeni: Remon?

10. Dionysius(, Dennis, Denise)

• Englisa (Dennis, Dionysius; Denise)
• Espanisa (Dionisio)
• Fransesa (Denys)
• Rusisa (Дионисий "Dionisiy")
• Doycisa (Dionysius)
• Indonesisa (Dionisius)
• Pilipinasa (Dionisio)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (ديونيسيوس "Diyunisiyus")
• Swahilisa ??
• Parsisa (دیونیسیوس "Diyonisiyos")
• Turkisa (Dionysius)
• Putunhwa (狄约尼削 "Diywenixywe")
• Hangusa (디오니시오 "Dionisio")
• Niponsa (ディオニュシウス "Dionyuxiusu")
• Vyetnamsa (Điônisiô)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Elinili name

Jeni: Dyonisyo, Dyonisi

11. Brednan

• Englisa (Brendan; Brenda)
• Espanisa (Brandán, Borondón)
• Fransesa (Brendan)
• Rusisa (Брендан "Brendan")
• Doycisa (Brendan)
• Indonesisa (Brendan)
• Pilipinasa (Brandan, Borondon)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (بريندان "Brindan")
• Swahilisa (Brendan)
• Parsisa (برندان "Berendan")
• Turkisa (Brendan)
• Putunhwa (布伦丹 "Bulundan")
• Hangusa ??
• Niponsa (ブレンダン "Burendan")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Eyreli name

Jeni: Brendan

12. Cyril

• Englisa (Cyril; Cyrillic)
• Espanisa (Cirilo)
• Fransesa (Cyrille)
• Rusisa (Кирилл "Kirill")
• Doycisa (Kyrill)
• Italisa (Cirilo)
• Indonesisa (Sirilus, Kirilos; Kiril, Sirilik)
• Pilipinasa (Cirilo)
• Hindi (किरील्ल "Kiril"; सीरिलिक "Sirilik")
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (كِيرُلُس "Kirulus"; كريلية "kiriliya")
• Swahilisa (Sirili; Kisirili)
• Parsisa (سیریل "Siril"; سیریلیک "Sirilik")
• Turkisa (Kiril)
• Putunhwa (西里爾 "Xilier", 基里爾 "Jilier")
• Hangusa (키릴 "Kiril", 키릴로스 "Kirillosu")
• Niponsa (キリル "Kiriru", キュリロス "Kyurirosu")
• Vyetnamsa (Kirin, Kyrillô)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Eslovi Abece; Eleni name

Jeni: Ciril

13. Henry

• Englisa (Henry)
• Espanisa (Enrique)
• Fransesa (Henri)
• Rusisa (Генрих "Genrih")
• Doycisa (Heinrich)
• Indonesisa (Hendrik)
• Pilipinasa (Enrique)
• Hindi (हेनरी "Henri")
• Telugusa (హెన్రీ "Henri")
• Arabisa (هنري "Hinri")
• Swahilisa (Henri)
• Parsisa (هاینریش "Haynrix", هانری "Hânri")
• Turkisa (Henri)?
• Putunhwa (亨利 "Hengli")
• Hangusa (하인리히 "Hainrihi", 헨리 "Henri")
• Niponsa (ハインリヒ "Hainrihi", ヘンリー "Henri")
• Vyetnamsa (Hen-ri-cô, Hải-lý)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel:

Jeni: Henri, Henrik?

14. Augustine, Austin

• Englisa (Augustine, Austin)
• Espanisa (Agustín)
• Fransesa (Augustin)
• Rusisa (Августин "Avgustin")
• Doycisa (Augustinus)
• Indonesisa (Agustinus)
• Pilipinasa (Agustin)
• Hindi (ऍगस्टीन "Egastin")
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (أوغسطينوس "Awghustinus")
• Swahilisa (Agostino)
• Parsisa (آگوستین "Âgostin")
• Turkisa (Augustinus)
• Putunhwa (奥古斯丁 "Awgusiding")
• Hangusa (아우구스티누스 "Augusutinusu")
• Niponsa (アウグスティヌス "Augusutinusu")
• Vyetnamsa (Augustinô)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Romali name

Jeni: Agustin?, Awgustino?

15. Abigail

• Englisa (Abigail)
• Espanisa (Abigaíl)
• Fransesa (Abigail)
• Rusisa (Авигея "Avigeya")
• Doycisa (Abigail)
• Indonesisa (Abigail)
• Pilipinasa (Abigail)
• Hindi (अबीगैल "Abigel")
• Telugusa (అబీగయీలు "Abigayilu")
• Arabisa (أَبِيجَايِلُ "Abijayil")
• Swahilisa (Abigaili)
• Parsisa (ابیجایل "Abijail")
• Turkisa (Avigayil)
• Putunhwa (亚比该 "Yabigay")
• Hangusa (아비가일 "Abigail")
• Niponsa (アビガイル "Abigairu")
• Vyetnamsa (A-bi-ga-in)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Abigail

16. Sophia

• Englisa (Sophia)
• Espanisa (Sofía)
• Fransesa (Sophie)
• Rusisa (София "Sofiya")
• Doycisa (Sophia)
• Indonesisa (Sofia)
• Pilipinasa (Sofia)
• Hindi (सोफिया "Sofiya")
• Telugusa (సోఫియా "Sofiya")?
• Arabisa (صوفيا "Sufiya")
• Swahilisa (Sofia)
• Parsisa (صوفیه "Sofiye")
• Turkisa (Sofya)
• Putunhwa (索菲亚 "Swofeyya")
• Hangusa (소피아 "Sopia")
• Niponsa (ソフィア "Sofia")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Elinili lexi/name

Jeni: Sofia, Sofi?

17. Jesse

• Englisa (Jesse)
• Espanisa (Isaí, Jesé)
• Fransesa (Jessé)
• Rusisa (Иессей "Yessey")
• Doycisa (Isai, Jesse)
• Indonesisa (Isai)
• Pilipinasa (Isai, Jese)
• Hindi (यिशय "Yixay")
• Telugusa (యెష్షయి "Yexay")
• Arabisa (يَسَّى "Yasxa", إيشا "Ixa")
• Swahilisa (Yese)
• Parsisa (یسی "Yasi")
• Turkisa (İşai, Yesse)
• Putunhwa (耶西 "Yexi")
• Hangusa (이새 "Ise")
• Niponsa (エッサイ "Esay")
• Vyetnamsa (Gie-sê)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Yese?

18. Elijah

• Englisa (Elijah)
• Espanisa (Elías)
• Fransesa (Élie)
• Rusisa (Илия "Iliya")
• Doycisa (Elia)
• Indonesisa (Elia)
• Pilipinasa (Elias)
• Hindi (एलिय्याह "Eliya")
• Telugusa (ఏలీయా "Eliya")
• Arabisa (إِيلِيَّا "Ilia", إِلْيَاس "Ilyas")
• Swahilisa (Eliya)
• Parsisa (ایلیا "Iliyâ", الیاس "Elâs")
• Turkisa (İlyas)
• Putunhwa (以利亚 "Yiliya", 厄里亞 "Eliya")
• Hangusa (엘리야 "Elliya")
• Niponsa (エリヤ "Eriya")
• Vyetnamsa (Ê-li)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Elia, Elya

19. Vincent

• Englisa (Vincent)
• Espanisa (Vicente)
• Fransesa (Vincent)
• Rusisa (Викентий "Vikentiy")
• Doycisa (Vinzenz)
• Indonesisa (Vincentius)
• Pilipinasa (Vicente)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (فنسنت "Finsant")
• Swahilisa (Visenti)
• Parsisa (وینسن "Vinsen")
• Turkisa ??
• Putunhwa (文森特 "Wensente")
• Hangusa (빈첸시오 "Bincenxio")
• Niponsa (ヴァンサン "Vansan")
• Vyetnamsa (Vinh Sơn, Vin-xen-tê)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Romali name

Jeni: Vincente

20. Caleb

• Englisa (Caleb)
• Espanisa (Caleb)
• Fransesa (Caleb)
• Rusisa (Халев "Halev")
• Doycisa (Kaleb)
• Indonesisa (Kaleb)
• Pilipinasa (Caleb)
• Hindi (कालिब "Kalib")
• Telugusa (కాలేబు "Kalebu")
• Arabisa (كَالِب "Kalib")
• Swahilisa (Kalebu)
• Parsisa (کالیب "Kalib")
• Turkisa (Kalev)
• Putunhwa (迦勒 "Jyaley")
• Hangusa (갈렙 "Kalleb")
• Niponsa (カレブ "Karebu")
• Vyetnamsa (Ca-lép)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Kaleb

21. Hassan, Hasan

• Englisa (Hassan, Hasan)
• Espanisa (Hasan, Hacén, Jasán)
• Fransesa (Hassan)
• Rusisa (Хасан "Hasan")
• Doycisa (Hassan, Hasan)
• Indonesisa (Hasan)
• Pilipinasa ??
• Hindi (हसन "Hasan")
• Telugusa (హసన్ "Hasan")
• Arabisa (حسن "Hasan")
• Swahilisa ??
• Parsisa (حسن "Hasan")
• Turkisa (Hasan)
• Putunhwa (哈桑 "Hasang")
• Hangusa (하산 "Hasan")
• Niponsa (ハサン "Hasan")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Islamiya, Arabili name

Jeni: Hasan

22. Imannuel, Emmanuel

• Englisa (Immanuel, Emmanuel)
• Espanisa (Emmanuel, Emanuel)
• Fransesa (Emmanuel)
• Rusisa (Еммануил "Emmanuil")
• Doycisa (Immanuel)
• Indonesisa (Imanuel)
• Pilipinasa (Emmanuel, Emanuel)
• Hindi (इम्‍मानुएल "Imanuel")
• Telugusa (ఇమ్మానుయేలు "Imanuyelu")
• Arabisa (عَمَّانُوئِيل "Amanu'il")
• Swahilisa (Imanueli)
• Parsisa (عمانوئیل "Amanuel")
• Turkisa (İmmanuel)
• Putunhwa (以马内利 "Yimaneyli", 厄玛奴耳 "Emanuer")
• Hangusa (임마누엘 "Immanuel")
• Niponsa (インマヌエル "Immanueru")
• Vyetnamsa (Em-ma-nu-ên)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Emanwel

23. Carmel

• Englisa (Carmel)
• Espanisa (Carmel, Carmen)
• Fransesa (Carmel)
• Rusisa (Кармил "Karmil")
• Doycisa (Karmel)
• Indonesisa (Karmel)
• Pilipinasa (Carmelo, Carmen)
• Hindi (कर्मेल "Karmel")
• Telugusa (కర్మెలు "Karmelu")
• Arabisa (كَرْمَلُ "Karmal")
• Swahilisa (Karmeli)
• Parsisa (کرمل "Karmel")
• Turkisa (Karmel)
• Putunhwa (迦密 "Jyami")
• Hangusa (갈멜 "Kalmel")
• Niponsa (カルメル "Karumeru")
• Vyetnamsa (Cạt-mên)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Karmel

24. Esther

• Englisa (Esther)
• Espanisa (Ester)
• Fransesa (Esther)
• Rusisa (Есфирь "Esfir")
• Doycisa (Ester)
• Indonesisa (Ester)
• Pilipinasa (Ester)
• Hindi (एस्तेर "Ester")
• Telugusa (ఎస్తేరు "Esteru")
• Arabisa (أَسْتِير "Astir")
• Swahilisa (Esta)
• Parsisa (استر "Ester")
• Turkisa (Ester)
• Putunhwa (以斯帖 "Yisitye")
• Hangusa (에스더 "Esudo")
• Niponsa (エステル "Esuteru")
• Vyetnamsa (Ê-xơ-tê)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Parsili name?

Jeni: Ester, Estare?

25. Omar

• Englisa (Omar)
• Espanisa (Omar)
• Fransesa (Omar)
• Rusisa (Омар "Omar")
• Doycisa (Omar)
• Indonesisa (Umar, Omar)
• Pilipinasa (Omar)
• Hindi (ओमार "Omar")
• Telugusa (ఓమారు "Omaru")
• Arabisa (عمر "Umar")
• Swahilisa (Omari)
• Parsisa (اومار "Omar")
• Turkisa (Ömer)
• Putunhwa (阿抹 "Amwo")
• Hangusa (오말 "Omal")
• Niponsa (オマル "Omaru")
• Vyetnamsa (Ô-ma)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Islamiya, Arabili name; Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Omar

26. Mohammed, Muhammad, Mohamed, Mohammad, Muhamad

• Englisa (Mohammed, Muhammad, Mohamed, Mohammad, Muhamad)
• Espanisa (Mahoma)
• Fransesa (Mahomet, Muhammad, Mohammed)
• Rusisa (Мухаммед "Muhammed")
• Doycisa (Mohammed, Muhammad)
• Indonesisa (Muhammad)
• Pilipinasa (Mahoma, Muhammad, Mohammed, Muhammed, Mahomet)
• Hindi (मुहम्मद "Muhammad", मोहम्मद "Mohammad", महम्मद "Mahammad", महमद "Mahmad")
• Telugusa (ముహమ్మద్‌ "Muhammad")
• Arabisa (مُحَمَّد "Muhammad")
• Swahilisa (Muhammad)
• Parsisa (محمد "Mohammad")
• Turkisa (Muhammed, Mehmet)
• Putunhwa (穆罕默德 "Muhanmwode")
• Hangusa (무함마드 "Muhammadu", 마호메트 "Mahometu", 모하메드 "Mohamedu")
• Niponsa (ムハンマド "Muhammado")
• Vyetnamsa (Muhammad)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Islamiya, Arabili name

Jeni: Mohamad

27. Rafael, Raphael

• Englisa (Rafael, Raphael)
• Espanisa (Rafael)
• Fransesa (Raphaël)
• Rusisa (Рафаил "Rafail")
• Doycisa (Raphael)
• Indonesisa (Rafael)
• Pilipinasa (Rafael)
• Hindi (رفائيل "Rafayil")
• Telugusa (Rafaeli)
• Arabisa (رافائل "Râfâ'el")
• Swahilisa (Rafaeli)
• Parsisa (رافائل "Râfâ'el")
• Turkisa (Rafael)
• Putunhwa (拉斐尔 "Lafeyer")
• Hangusa (라파엘 "Rapael")
• Niponsa (ラファエル "Rafaeru")
• Vyetnamsa (Ra-pha-ên)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Yehudi Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Rafael

28. Monica

• Englisa (Monica)
• Espanisa (Mónica)
• Fransesa (Monique)
• Rusisa (Моника "Monika")
• Doycisa (Monika)
• Indonesisa (Monika)
• Pilipinasa (Monica)
• Hindi (मोनिका "Monika")
• Telugusa (మోనికా "Monika")
• Arabisa (مونيكا "Munika")
• Swahilisa (Monika)
• Parsisa (مونیکا "Monikâ")
• Turkisa (Monika)
• Putunhwa (莫妮卡 "Monika")
• Hangusa (모니카 "Monika")
• Niponsa (モニカ "Monika")
• Vyetnamsa (Mô-ni-ca)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Nenjixido asel

Jeni: Monika

29. Simon, Simone

• Englisa (Simon; Simone)
• Espanisa (Simón)
• Fransesa (Simon; Simone)
• Rusisa (Симон "Simon")
• Doycisa (Simon)
• Indonesisa (Simon)
• Pilipinasa (Simon)
• Hindi (शमौन "Xamon")
• Telugusa (సీమోనూ "Simonu")
• Arabisa (سِمْعَان "Siman")
• Swahilisa (Simoni)
• Parsisa (شمعون "X amun")
• Turkisa (Simun)
• Putunhwa (西門 "Ximen")
• Hangusa (시몬 "Ximon")
• Niponsa (シモン "Ximon")
• Vyetnamsa (Si-môn)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri ji Elini name

Jeni: Simon

30. Abraham

• Englisa (Abraham)
• Espanisa (Abraham)
• Fransesa (Abraham)
• Rusisa (Авраам "Avraam")
• Doycisa (Abraham)
• Indonesisa (Abraham, Ibrahim)
• Pilipinasa (Abraham)
• Hindi (इब्राहीम "Ibrahim", अब्राहम "Abraham")
• Telugusa (ఇబ్రహీం "Ibrahim", అబ్రహం "Abraham")
• Arabisa (إِبْرَاهِيم "Ibrahim")
• Swahilisa (Ibrahimu, Abrahamu)
• Parsisa (ابراهیم "Ebrâhim")
• Turkisa (İbrahim)
• Putunhwa (亞伯拉罕 "Yabwolahan")
• Hangusa (아브라함 "Aburaham")
• Niponsa (アブラハム "Aburahamu")
• Vyetnamsa (Áp-ra-ham)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Ebrahem?

31. Ishmael

• Englisa (Ishmael)
• Espanisa (Ismael)
• Fransesa (Ismaël)
• Rusisa (Измаил "Izmail")
• Doycisa (Ismael)
• Indonesisa (Ismael)
• Pilipinasa (Ismael)
• Hindi (इस्माईल "Ixmail")
• Telugusa (ఇష్మాయేలు "Ixmayelu")
• Arabisa (إسماعيل "Ismail")
• Swahilisa (Ishmaeli)
• Parsisa (اسماعیل "Esmâ'il")
• Turkisa (İsmail)
• Putunhwa (以实玛利 "Yiximali")
• Hangusa (이스마엘 "Isumael")
• Niponsa (イシュマエル "Ixumaeru")
• Vyetnamsa (Ích-ma-ên)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Ixmael, Ismael

32. Isaac

• Englisa (Isaac)
• Espanisa (Isaac)
• Fransesa (Isaac)
• Rusisa (Исаак "Isaak")
• Doycisa (Isaak)
• Indonesisa (Ishak)
• Pilipinasa (Isaac)
• Hindi (इसहाक "Ishak")
• Telugusa (ఇస్సాకు "Isaku")
• Arabisa (إِسْحَاق "Ishaq")
• Swahilisa (Isaki)
• Parsisa (اسحاق "Eshâk")
• Turkisa (İshak)
• Putunhwa (以撒 "Yisa")
• Hangusa (이삭 "Isak", 이사악 "Isaak")
• Niponsa (イサク "Isaku")
• Vyetnamsa (Y-sác)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Ishak, Isak

33. Felix

• Englisa (Felix)
• Espanisa (Félix)
• Fransesa (Félix)
• Rusisa (Феликс "Feliks")
• Doycisa (Felix)
• Indonesisa (Feliks)
• Pilipinasa (Felix)
• Hindi (फेलिक्स "Feliks")
• Telugusa (ఫేలిక్సు "Feliksu")
• Arabisa (فِيلِكْسُ "Filiks")
• Swahilisa (Feliksi)
• Parsisa (فِيلِكْسُ "Feliks")
• Turkisa (Feliks)
• Putunhwa (腓力斯 "Feylisi")
• Hangusa (벨릭스 "Peliksu")
• Niponsa (フェリクス "Ferikusu")
• Vyetnamsa (Phê-lít)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel:

Jeni: Felix, Feliks

34. Joel

• Englisa (Joel)
• Espanisa (Joel)
• Fransesa (Joël)
• Rusisa (Иоиль "Ioily")
• Doycisa (Joel)
• Indonesisa (Yoël)
• Pilipinasa (Joel)
• Hindi (योएल "Yoel")
• Telugusa (యోవేలు "Yovelu")
• Arabisa (يُوئِيل "Yuyil")
• Swahilisa (Yoeli)
• Parsisa (یوئیل "Yuyil?")
• Turkisa (Yoel)
• Putunhwa (約珥 "Yweer")
• Hangusa (요엘 "Yoel")
• Niponsa (ヨエル "Yoeru")
• Vyetnamsa (Giô-ên)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Yoel

35. Xavier

• Englisa (Xavier)
• Espanisa (Javier, Xavier)
• Fransesa (Xavier)
• Rusisa (Ксаверий "Ksaveriy")
• Doycisa (Xaver)
• Indonesisa (Xaverius)
• Pilipinasa (Javier)
• Hindi (ज़ेवियर "Zeviar")
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (كسفاريوس "Kasafariyus")
• Swahilisa (Saveri)
• Parsisa (خاویر "Havir")
• Turkisa (Xavier)?
• Putunhwa (沙勿略 "Xawulywe")
• Hangusa (하비에르 "Habieru")
• Niponsa (ザビエル "Zabieru")
• Vyetnamsa (Xa-vi-ê)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Ewskalli name (wao!)

Jeni: Xavyer, Xaveri?

36. Moses

• Englisa (Moses)
• Espanisa (Moisés)
• Fransesa (Moïse)
• Rusisa (Моисей "Moisey")
• Doycisa (Mose, Moses)
• Indonesisa (Musa)
• Pilipinasa (Moises)
• Hindi (मूसा "Musa")
• Telugusa (మోషే "Mose")
• Arabisa (مُوسَى "Musa")
• Swahilisa (Mose)
• Parsisa (موسی "Musâ")
• Turkisa (Musa)
• Putunhwa (摩西 "Mwoxi", 梅瑟 "Meyse")
• Hangusa (모세 "Mose")
• Niponsa (モーセ "Mose")
• Vyetnamsa (Môi-se, Mô-sê)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Mose?

37. Deborah

• Englisa (Deborah)
• Espanisa (Débora)
• Fransesa (Débora)
• Rusisa (Девора "Devora")
• Doycisa (Debora)
• Indonesisa (Debora)
• Pilipinasa (Debora)
• Hindi (दबोरा "Dabora")
• Telugusa (దెబోరా "Debora")
• Arabisa (دبوره "Dabura")
• Swahilisa (Debora)
• Parsisa (دبوره "Dabora")
• Turkisa (Debora)
• Putunhwa (底波拉 "Dibwola")
• Hangusa (데보라 "Debora", 드보라 "Dubora")
• Niponsa (デボラ "Debora")
• Vyetnamsa (Đê-bô-ra)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel:

Jeni: Debora

38. Reuben, Ruben

• Englisa (Reuben, Ruben)
• Espanisa (Rubén)
• Fransesa (Ruben)
• Rusisa (Рувим "Ruvim")
• Doycisa (Ruben)
• Indonesisa (Ruben)
• Pilipinasa (Ruben)
• Hindi (रूबेन "Ruben")
• Telugusa (రూబేను "Rubenu")
• Arabisa (رَأُوبَيْنُ "Rawbayn")
• Swahilisa (Reubeni)
• Parsisa (رئوبین "Reobin")
• Turkisa (Ruben)
• Putunhwa (吕便 "Lubyen")
• Hangusa (르우벤 "Ruuben")
• Niponsa (ルベン "Ruben")
• Vyetnamsa (Ru-bên)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Ruben

39. Madeline, Magdalene

• Englisa (Madeline, Magdalene)
• Espanisa (Magdalena)
• Fransesa (Magdala, Madeleine, Magdaléenne)
• Rusisa (Магдалина "Magdalina")
• Doycisa (Magdalena)
• Indonesisa (Magdalena)
• Pilipinasa (Magdalena)
• Hindi (मगदलीनी "Magdalini")
• Telugusa (మగ్దలేనే "Magdalene")
• Arabisa (مجدلية "Majdaliya")
• Swahilisa (Magdalene)
• Parsisa (مجدلیه "Majdeliye")
• Turkisa (Mecdelli, Magdalalı)
• Putunhwa (抹大拉 "Mwodala")
• Hangusa (막달라인 "Magdallain")
• Niponsa (マグダラ "Magudara")
• Vyetnamsa (Ma-đơ-len)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri deha

Jeni: Magdalene

40. Philip

• Englisa (Philip)
• Espanisa (Felipe)
• Fransesa (Philippe)
• Rusisa (Филипп "Filip")
• Doycisa (Philippus)
• Indonesisa (Filipus)
• Pilipinasa (Felipe)
• Hindi (फिलेप्पुस "Filepus")
• Telugusa (ఫిలిప్పు "Filipu")
• Arabisa (فِيلُبُّسُ "Filibus")
• Swahilisa (Filipo)
• Parsisa (فیلیپ "Filip")
• Turkisa (Filipus)
• Putunhwa (腓力 "Feyli")
• Hangusa (필립보 "Pillipo", 필립 "Pillip", 빌립 "Billip")
• Niponsa (フィリポ "Firipo")
• Vyetnamsa (Philípphê)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Elinili name

Jeni: Filipo, Filipe

41. Monica

• Englisa (Monica)
• Espanisa (Mónica)
• Fransesa (Monique)
• Rusisa (Моника "Monika")
• Doycisa (Monika)
• Indonesisa (Monika)
• Pilipinasa (Monica)
• Hindi (मोनिका "Monika")
• Telugusa (మోనికా "Monika")
• Arabisa (مونيكا "Munika")
• Swahilisa (Monika)
• Parsisa (مونیکا "Monika")
• Turkisa (Monika)?
• Putunhwa (莫尼加 "Mwonijya")
• Hangusa (모니카 "Monika")
• Niponsa (モニカ "Monika")
• Vyetnamsa (Mô-ni-ca)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Nenjixido Asel

Jeni: Monika

42. Lydia

• Englisa (Lydia)
• Espanisa (Lidia)
• Fransesa (Lydie)
• Rusisa (Лидия "Lidiya")
• Doycisa (Lydia)
• Indonesisa (Lidia)
• Pilipinasa (Lidia)
• Hindi (लुदिया "Ludiya")
• Telugusa (లూదియ "Ludiya")
• Arabisa (لِيدِيَّةُ "Lidiya")
• Swahilisa (Lidia)
• Parsisa (لیدیه "Lidiye")
• Turkisa (Lidya)
• Putunhwa (吕底亚 "Lyudiya")
• Hangusa (루디아 "Ludia")
• Niponsa (リディア "Ridia")
• Vyetnamsa (Ly-đi)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Elinili name

Jeni: Lidya, Lidi

43. Eunice

• Englisa (Eunice)
• Espanisa (Eunice)
• Fransesa (Eunice)
• Rusisa (Евнике "Evnike")
• Doycisa (Eunike)
• Indonesisa (Eunike)
• Pilipinasa (Eunice)
• Hindi (यूनीके "Yunike")
• Telugusa (యునీకే "Yunike")
• Arabisa (أَفْنِيكِي "Afniki")
• Swahilisa (Eunike)
• Parsisa (افنیکی "Efniki")
• Turkisa (Evniki)
• Putunhwa (友妮基 "Yowniji")
• Hangusa (유니게 "Yunige")
• Niponsa (エウニケ "Eunike")
• Vyetnamsa (Ơ-nít)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Elinili name

Jeni: Ewnike

44. Caine

• Englisa (Caine)
• Espanisa (Caín)
• Fransesa (Caïn)
• Rusisa (Каин "Kain")
• Doycisa (Kain)
• Indonesisa (Kain)
• Pilipinasa (Cain)
• Hindi (कैन "Ken")
• Telugusa (కయీను "Kayinu")
• Arabisa (قَايِينُ "Qayin")
• Swahilisa (Kaini)
• Parsisa (قائن "Qa'en")
• Turkisa (Kayin)
• Putunhwa (该隐 "Gayyin")
• Hangusa (가인 "Kain")
• Niponsa (カイン "Kain")
• Vyetnamsa (Ca-in)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Kain

45. Abel

• Englisa (Abel)
• Espanisa (Abel)
• Fransesa (Abel)
• Rusisa (Авель "Abely")
• Doycisa (Abel)
• Indonesisa (Habel)
• Pilipinasa (Abel)
• Hindi (हाबिल "Habil")
• Telugusa (హేబెలు "Habelu")
• Arabisa (هَابِيلَ "Habil")
• Swahilisa (Abeli)
• Parsisa (هابیل "Hâbil")
• Turkisa (Habil)
• Putunhwa (亚伯 "Yabwo")
• Hangusa (아벨 "Abel")
• Niponsa (アベル "Aberu")
• Vyetnamsa (A-bên)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Habel?, Abel

46. Sebastian

• Englisa (Sebastian)
• Espanisa (Sebastián)
• Fransesa (Sébastien)
• Rusisa (Себастьян "Sebastyan")
• Doycisa (Sebastian)
• Indonesisa (Sebastianus)
• Pilipinasa (Sebastian)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (سيباستيان "Sibastian")
• Swahilisa (Sebastiani)
• Parsisa (سباستین "Sebâstiyan")
• Turkisa ??
• Putunhwa (塞巴斯蒂安 "Saybasidian")
• Hangusa (세바스티아누스 "Sebasutianusu")
• Niponsa (セバスティアヌス "Sebasutianusu")
• Vyetnamsa (Sêbastianô)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Romali name

Jeni: Sebastyan

47. Joachim

• Englisa (Joachim)
• Espanisa (Joaquín)
• Fransesa (Joachim)
• Rusisa (Иоаким "Ioakim")
• Doycisa (Joachim)
• Indonesisa (Yoakim)
• Pilipinasa (Joaquin)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (يهوياقيم "Yihuyaqim")
• Swahilisa (Yohakimu)
• Parsisa (یهویاقیم "Yehuyaqim")
• Turkisa (Yehoiakim)
• Putunhwa (若亞敬 "Rwoyajing")
• Hangusa (요아킴 "Yoakim")
• Niponsa (ヨアキム "Yoakimu")
• Vyetnamsa (Gio-a-kim)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: rankodua-kanonli Bibli; Ivri name

Jeni: Yoakim

48. Julius

• Englisa (Julius)
• Espanisa (Julio)
• Fransesa (Jules)
• Rusisa (Юлий "Yuliy")
• Doycisa (Julius "Yulius")
• Indonesisa (Yulius)
• Pilipinasa (Julio)
• Hindi (यूलियुस "Yuliyus")
• Telugusa (జూలియస్ "Juliyas", యూలి "Yuli")
• Arabisa (يُولِيُوسُ "Yuliyus")
• Swahilisa (Juliasi)
• Parsisa (یولیوس "Yulios")
• Turkisa (Yulius, Jül)
• Putunhwa (犹流 "Yowlyow", 尤利烏斯 "Yowliwusi")
• Hangusa (율리오 "Yullio", 율리우스 "Yuliusu")
• Niponsa (ユリウス "Yuriusu")
• Vyetnamsa (Giu-li-ô)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Roma; Romali name

Jeni: Yulyo?

49. Saul

• Englisa (Saul)
• Espanisa (Saúl)
• Fransesa (Saül)
• Rusisa (Саул "Saul")
• Doycisa (Saul)
• Indonesisa (Saul)
• Pilipinasa (Saul)
• Hindi (शाऊल "Xaul")
• Telugusa (సౌలు "Saulu")
• Arabisa (طَالُوت "Talut", شَاؤُول "Xaul")
• Swahilisa (Sauli)
• Parsisa (طالوت "Talut", شائول "Ša'ul")
• Turkisa (Tâlût, Şaul)
• Putunhwa (掃羅 "Sawlwo", 撒烏耳 "Sawuer")
• Hangusa (사울 "Saul")
• Niponsa (サウル "Sauru")
• Vyetnamsa (Sau-lơ)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli; Ivri name

Jeni: Saul, Xaul

50. Valentine

• Englisa (Valentine)
• Espanisa (Valentín)
• Fransesa (Valentin; Valentine)
• Rusisa (Валентин "Valentin")
• Doycisa (Valentin)
• Indonesisa (Valentinus)
• Pilipinasa (Valentin)
• Hindi (वैलेंटाइन "Valentain")
• Telugusa (వాలెంటైన్‌ "Valentain")
• Arabisa (فالنتين "Falantin")
• Swahilisa (Valentinus)
• Parsisa (ولنتاین "Valentain?")
• Turkisa (Valentine)?
• Putunhwa (瓦倫丁 "Walunding")
• Hangusa (발렌티누스 "Ballentinusu", 발렌타인 "Ballentain")
• Niponsa (ウァレンティヌス "Warentinusu", バレンタイン "Barentain")
• Vyetnamsa (Va-len-ti-nô)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Santoyen, Jaxnedin; Romali name

Jeni: Valentin

51. Ahab

• Englisa (Ahab)
• Espanisa (Acab, Ajab)
• Fransesa (Achab)
• Rusisa (Ахав "Ahav")
• Doycisa (Ahab)
• Indonesisa (Ahab)
• Pilipinasa (Acab, Ahab)
• Hindi (अहाब "Ahab")
• Telugusa (అహాబు "Ahabu")
• Arabisa (أَخْآبُ "Ahab")
• Swahilisa (Ahabu)
• Parsisa (اخاب "Ahab")
• Turkisa (Ahav)
• Putunhwa (亚哈 "Yaha")
• Hangusa (아합 "Ahab")
• Niponsa (アハブ "Ahabu")
• Vyetnamsa (A-háp)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Moby Dick; Ivri name

Jeni: Ahab

52. Caesar

• Englisa (Caesar)
• Espanisa (César)
• Fransesa (César)
• Rusisa (Цезарь "Tsezar", Кесарь "Kesar")
• Doycisa (Kaiser)
• Indonesisa (Kaisar)
• Pilipinasa (Cesar)
• Hindi (कैसर "Kaisar")
• Telugusa (కైసరు "Kaisaru")
• Arabisa (قَيْصَرَ "Qaysar")
• Swahilisa (Kaisari)
• Parsisa (سزار "Sezâr", قیصر "Qeysar")
• Turkisa (Sezar)
• Putunhwa (凱撒 "Kaysa")
• Hangusa (가이사 "Kaisa", 카이사르 "Kaisaru")
• Niponsa (カエサル "Kaesaru")
• Vyetnamsa (Sê-sa)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Roma; Romali name

Jeni: Cesar

53. Nathanael, Nathaniel

• Englisa (Nathanael, Nathaniel)
• Espanisa (Natanael)
• Fransesa (Nathanaël)
• Rusisa (Нафанаил "Nafanail")
• Doycisa (Nathanael)
• Indonesisa (Natanael)
• Pilipinasa (Natanael)
• Hindi (नतनएल "Natanel")
• Telugusa (నతనయేలు "Natanayelu")
• Arabisa (نَثَنَائِيلُ "Naṯanayil")
• Swahilisa (Nathanaeli)
• Parsisa (نتنائیل "Natanael")
• Turkisa (Natanel)
• Putunhwa (拿但业 "Nadanye")
• Hangusa (나다나엘 "Natanael")
• Niponsa (ナタナエル "Natanaeru")
• Vyetnamsa (Na-tha-na-ên)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Natanael

54. Bartholomew

• Englisa (Bartholomew)
• Espanisa (Bartolomé)
• Fransesa (Bartélemy)
• Rusisa (Варфоломей "Varfolomey")
• Doycisa (Bartolomäus)
• Indonesisa (Bartolomeus)
• Pilipinasa (Bartolome)
• Hindi (बरतुल्मै "Bartulme", बरतोलोमी "Bartolomi")
• Telugusa (బర్తొలొమయి "Bartolomayi")
• Arabisa (بَرْثُولَمَاوُس "Barṯulamawus")
• Swahilisa (Bartholomayo)
• Parsisa (برتولما "Bartolome")
• Turkisa (Bartalmay)
• Putunhwa (巴多罗买 "Badwolwomay")
• Hangusa (바돌로매 "Badollome")
• Niponsa (バルトロマイ "Barutomay")
• Vyetnamsa (Ba-thê-lê-my)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Elinili name

Jeni: Bartolome

55. Ramesses, Ramses

• Englisa (Ramesses, Ramses)
• Espanisa (Ramsés)
• Fransesa (Ramsès)
• Rusisa (Рамсес "Ramses")
• Doycisa (Ramses)
• Indonesisa (Ramses)
• Pilipinasa (Ramses)
• Hindi (रामसेस "Ramses")
• Telugusa (రామెసేసు "Ramesesu")
• Arabisa (رمسيس "Ramsis")
• Swahilisa (Ramesesi)
• Parsisa (رامسس "Râmses")
• Turkisa (Ramses)
• Putunhwa (拉美西斯 "Lameyxisi")
• Hangusa (람세스 "Ramsesu"
• Niponsa (ラムセス "Ramusesu", ラメセス "Ramesesu")
• Vyetnamsa (Ram-se)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Lamamasrili (Kemetili?) Name

Jeni: Ramses

56. Ram

• Englisa (Ram)
• Espanisa (Aram, Ram)
• Fransesa (Ram)
• Rusisa (Арам "Aram")
• Doycisa (Ram)
• Indonesisa (Ram)
• Pilipinasa (Ram)
• Hindi (राम "Ram")
• Telugusa (రామ్ "Ram")
• Arabisa (رام "Ram")
• Swahilisa (Ramu)
• Parsisa (رام "Ram")
• Turkisa (Ram)
• Putunhwa (兰 "Lan")
• Hangusa (람 "Ram")
• Niponsa (ラム "Ramu")
• Vyetnamsa (Ram)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Sanskritam, Parsisa

Jeni: Ram

57. Solomon

• Englisa (Solomon)
• Espanisa (Salomón)
• Fransesa (Salomon)
• Rusisa (Соломон "Solomon")
• Doycisa (Salomos)
• Indonesisa (Salomo)
• Pilipinasa (Salomon)
• Hindi (सुलैमान "Suleman")
• Telugusa (సొలొమోను "Solomonu")
• Arabisa (سُلَيْمَان "Sulayman")
• Swahilisa (Solomoni)
• Parsisa (سلیمان "Soleymân")
• Turkisa (Süleyman)
• Putunhwa (所羅門 "Swolwomen")
• Hangusa (솔로몬 "Sollomon")
• Niponsa (ソロモン "Soromon")
• Vyetnamsa (Sa-lô-môn)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Soleman? Salomon? Salom?

58. Louis, Lewis

• Englisa (Louis, Lewis)
• Espanisa (Luis)
• Fransesa (Louis)
• Rusisa (Луи "Lui")
• Doycisa (Ludwig)
• Indonesisa ??
• Pilipinasa (Luis)
• Hindi ??
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (لويس "Luis")
• Swahilisa (Ludoviko, Alois)
• Parsisa (لوئی "Lui", لوئیس "Luis")
• Turkisa ??
• Putunhwa (路易(斯) "Luyi(si)")
• Hangusa (루이(스) "Rui(su)")
• Niponsa (ルイ "Rui")
• Vyetnamsa (Lu-y)

Jeni: Luis

Nota: Folone no (xugwanpul) sen yongudo name, mas oto le kwasisen gwanxido

59. Beelzebub

• Englisa (Beelzebub)
• Espanisa (Belcebú, Beelzebub)
• Fransesa (Belzébuth, Béelzéboul)
• Rusisa (Вельзевул "Velzevul")
• Doycisa (Beelzebub)
• Indonesisa (Beelzebul)
• Pilipinasa (Beelzebul)
• Hindi (बअलजबूल "Baaljabul")
• Telugusa (బయెల్జెబూలు "Bayeljebulu")
• Arabisa (بَعْل زَبُوب "Ba'l zabub", بَعْلْزَبُول "Ba'lzabul")
• Swahilisa (Beelzebuli)
• Parsisa (بعلزبول "balzebul")
• Turkisa (Baalzavul)
• Putunhwa (别西卜 "Byexibu", 貝耳則步 "Beerdzebu")
• Hangusa (바알세불 "Baalsebul")
• Niponsa (ベルゼブル "Beruzaburu")
• Vyetnamsa (Bê-ên-xê-bun)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri titulo

Jeni: Belzebul?

60. Goliath

• Englisa (Goliath)
• Espanisa (Goliat)
• Fransesa (Goliath)
• Rusisa (Голиаф "Goliaf")
• Doycisa (Goliath)
• Indonesisa (Goliat)
• Pilipinasa (Goliat)
• Hindi (गोलियत "Goliyat")
• Telugusa (గొల్యాతు "Golyatu")
• Arabisa (جَالُوت "Jalut", جُلْيَات "Julyat")
• Swahilisa (Goliathi)
• Parsisa (جالوت "Jalot", گولیات "Goliyat")
• Turkisa (Golyat)
• Putunhwa (歌利亚 "Geliya")
• Hangusa (골리앗 "Golliat")
• Niponsa (ゴリアテ "Goriate")
• Vyetnamsa (Gô-li-át)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri name

Jeni: Goliat

behemoth

• Englisa (behemoth)
• Espanisa (behemot)
• Fransesa (béhémoth)
• Rusisa (бегемот "begemot")
• Doycisa (Behemoth)
• Indonesisa (behemot)
• Pilipinasa (behemot)
• Hindi (जलगज "jalagaj")
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (بَهِيمُوثُ "bahimuṯ")
• Swahilisa (behemothi)
• Parsisa (بهیموت "bahemot")
• Turkisa (behemot)
• Putunhwa (贝赫莫特 "beyhemwote", 贝西摩斯 "beyximwosi")
• Hangusa (베헤모스 "behemosu")
• Niponsa (ベヘモット "Behemoto")
• Vyetnamsa ??

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli, Ivri lexi

Jeni: behemot

leviathan

• Englisa (leviathan)
• Espanisa (leviatán)
• Fransesa (léviathan)
• Rusisa (левиафан "lyeviafan")
• Doycisa (Leviathan)
• Indonesisa (lewiatan)
• Pilipinasa (leviatan)
• Hindi (लिव्यातान) "livyatan"
• Telugusa (లేవియాతాన్ "leviyatan")
• Arabisa (لَوِيَاثَان "lawiyaṯan")
• Swahilisa (lewiathani)
• Parsisa (لویاتان "laveyâtân")
• Turkisa (livyatan)
• Putunhwa (利維坦 "liweytan")
• Hangusa (리워야단 "liwoyadan", 리워야단 "rebiatan")
• Niponsa (レビヤタン "rebiyatan")
• Vyetnamsa (lê-vi-a-than)

Kosa fe disgi ji asel: Bibli ji politili sofilogi, Ivri lexi

Jeni: levyatan

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (zigzag)
• Espanisa (zigzag, ziszás; zigzaguear)
• Fransesa (zigzag; zigzaguer)
• Rusisa (зигзаг "zigzag")
• Doycisa (Zickzack)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (kelak-kelok, zigzag)
• Pilipinasa (sigsag, ese-ese)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (ज़िगज़ैग "zigzeg")?
• Telugusa ??
• Arabisa (متعرج "muta'arij")
• Swahilisa (zigizaga)
• Parsisa (زیگزاگ "zigzâg")
• Turkisa (zikzak)
• Putunhwa (之字形 - figura de glif 之)
• Hangusa (지그재그 "jigujegu")
• Niponsa (ジグザグ "jiguzagu")
• Vyetnamsa (dích dắc "zikzak")

Jeni: zigzagu (8-9 famil; b? t?)

Aloopsyon: zz "zeze"

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (chrysanthemum)
• Espanisa (crisantemo)
• Fransesa (chrysanthème)
• Rusisa (хризантема "hrizantema")
• Doycisa (Chrysantheme)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (seruni, teluki, krisantemum, krisan, serunai)
• Pilipinasa (krisantemo, mansanilya, rosas-hapon)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (गुलदाउदी "guldodi")
• Telugusa (చామంతి "camanti", చేమంతి "cemanti")
• Arabisa (أُقْحُوَان "ukhuwan")
• Swahilisa ??
• Parsisa (داوودی "dâvudi", کوپل "kupal")
• Turkisa (kasımpatı, krizantem)
• Putunhwa (菊 "ju", 菊花 "juhwa")
• Hangusa (국화 "gukhwa", 동국 "dongguk")
• Niponsa (菊 "kiku", 菊花 "kikuka")
• Vyetnamsa (cúc, hoa cúc)

Jeni: kukhwa (3-5 famil, sim?), krisantem (3 famil)

P: ju  hwa
H: guk hwa
N: kikuk a
V: kuk hoa
A:  uk huan
J: kuk hwa

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (cork, phellem)
• Espanisa (corcho)
• Fransesa (liège)
• Rusisa (пробка "probka")
• Doycisa (Kork)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (perop, gabus, sumbat)
• Pilipinasa ??

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (काग "kag")
• Telugusa ??
  • Tamilsa (தக்கை "takkay")
• Arabisa (فِلِّين "filin", فِلّ "fil")
• Swahilisa (koki)?
• Parsisa (چوب‌پنبه "cub-pambe")
• Turkisa (mantar)
• Putunhwa (軟木 "rwanmu")
• Hangusa (코르크 "koruku")
• Niponsa (コルク "koruku")
• Vyetnamsa (li e, bần)

Jeni: korku, korko (3-5 famil, "kwarku")

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (bud, shoot, sprout; bud, sprout, burgeon)
• Espanisa (botón, brote, retoño, yema, capullo; brotar, retoñar)
• Fransesa (bourgeon, bouton; bourgeonner)
• Rusisa (почка "pocka", бутон "buton", росток "rostok"; давать почки "davat pockl")
• Doycisa (Knospe, Spross; knospen, sprießen)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (tunas, anakan)
• Pilipinasa (buko; mamuko)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (कली "kali", अंकुर "ankur", ग़ुंचा "gunca" - nadir?)
• Telugusa (మొగ్గ "mogga", కలిక "kalika", మొలక "molaka", అంకురము "ankuramu"; మొలచు "molacu", అంకురించు "ankurincu")
• Arabisa (بُرْعُم "bur'um"; بَرْعَمَ "bar'ama")
• Swahilisa (jicho (la ua), tumba; -chipuka, -mea)
• Parsisa (غنچه "ğonče", نوگل "nowgol", بوژنه "bužne",جوانه "javâne"; غنچه دادن "ğonče dâdan")
• Turkisa (tomurcuk, filiz, sürgün, tomruk, gonca; tomurcuklanmak, gonca vermek)
• Putunhwa (芽 "ya")
• Hangusa (芽 "me", 蕾 "tsubomi"; 芽を出す "me o dasu")
• Niponsa (움 "um", 눈 "nun", 싹 "sak"; 움트다 "umtuda", 싹트다 "saktuda")
• Vyetnamsa (búp, chồi, nụ; nảy chồi, ra nụ)

Jeni: gonce, gonca (2-3 famil), ankura (2 famil), kalika (2 famil)

Idey: juni[pod] - shoot

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (tone; tonal)
• Espanisa (tono; tonal)
• Fransesa (ton; tonal)
• Rusisa (тон "ton"; тональный "tonalniy")
• Doycisa (Ton; tonal)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (nada)
• Pilipinasa (tono, tunog)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (टोन "ton")
• Telugusa (టోన్ "ton")
• Arabisa (طنين "tunin")?
• Swahilisa (toni)
• Parsisa (تن "ton")
• Turkisa (ton)
• Putunhwa (調 "tyaw, dyaw", 音 "yin")
• Hangusa (톤 "ton")
• Niponsa (トーン "ton")
• Vyetnamsa (tông)

Jeni: tona, toni, tono (10-11 famil; "ton, tongo, ton-ya, tuna")

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (syntax, syntaxis - guxi)
• Espanisa (sintaxis)
• Fransesa (sintaxe)
• Rusisa (синтаксис "sintaksis")
• Doycisa (Syntax, Satzbau - jumle-kostrui)
  • Portugalsa (sintaxe)
  • Italisa (sintassi)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (sintaksis)
• Pilipinasa (palaugnayan, sintaksis, sintaks)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (वाक्यरचना - jumle-estrutur, सिन्टैक्स "sinteks")
• Telugusa (పరిభాష "paribaxa", సింటాక్స్ "sintaks")
• Arabisa (بِنَاء جُمْلَة "bina jumla" - jumle-kostrui/estrutur, نَحْو "nahw")
• Swahilisa (sintaksi, sintaksia, sarufi miundo, sarufi muundo)
• Parsisa (نحو "nahv", جمله‌شناسی "jomlešenâsi" - jumle-logi)
• Turkisa (sözdizimi - lexi-ordenu, sentaks)
• Putunhwa (句法 "jufa" - jumle-lega)
• Hangusa (통어론 "tongoron", 구문론 "gumullon" - kostrui-jumle-logi, 통사론 "tongsaron", 신택스 "xinteksu")
• Niponsa (統語論 "togoron", 構文論 "kobunron" - kostrui-jumle-logi, 統辞論 "tojiron", シンタックス "xintakusu")
• Vyetnamsa (cú pháp - jumle-lega)

Jeni: sintaksi, sintaksis, sintaksu (7 famil, "sen taksi")

Aloopsyon: jumlelogi, jumle-??

Nota: Hin lexi ger sen beyongupul pia cel komputabasa

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (rhombus, diamond, lozenge; rhomboid)
• Espanisa (rombo, losange, lisonja; romboide)
• Fransesa (losange, rhombe; rhomboïde)
• Rusisa (ромб "romb"; ромбоид "romboid")
• Doycisa (Raute, Rhombus; Rhomboid)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (belah ketupat - ketupat-figura)
• Pilipinasa (rombo, rombus)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (सम चतुर्भुज "sam caturbuj" - egal caregon)
• Telugusa (రాంబస్ "rambas", సమ చతుర్భుజం "sama caturbujam" - egal caregon)
• Arabisa (مُعَيَّن "mu'ayan"; شبه معين "xibh mu'ayan")
• Swahilisa (msambamba sawa - egal paralelgon)
• Parsisa (لوزی "lozi")
• Turkisa (eşkenar dörtgen - byensama caregon; romboid, baklava şekli - baklava-figura)
• Putunhwa (菱形 "lingxing" - [water caltrop]-figura)
• Hangusa (마름모 "marumo" [water caltrop]-gon; 편능형 "pyonnunhyong" byen-egal?-figura)
• Niponsa (菱形 "hixigata, ryoke", 菱 "hixi" [water caltrop], 斜方形 "xahoke" - meylucaregon)
• Vyetnamsa (hình thoi - [weaving shuttle]-figura)

Jeni: rombo (4 famil)

Aloopsyon: meylucaregon?, meylugon?, egalbyenli caregon?

Netodom Xwexi nun hare sayfa fe kurtogixey.

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (jasmine)
• Espanisa (jazmín)
• Fransesa (jasmin)
• Rusisa (жасмин "jasmin")
• Doycisa (Jasmin "Yasmin")

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (melati)
• Pilipinasa (hasmin, sampaga)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (चमेली "cameli")
• Telugusa (మల్లె "male")
• Arabisa (يَاسَمِين "yasamin")
• Swahilisa (asumini)
• Parsisa (یاسمن "yâsaman")
• Turkisa (yasemin)
• Putunhwa (茉莉 "mwoli")
• Hangusa (재스민 "jesumin", 말리 "malli")
• Niponsa (ジャスミン "jasumin", 茉莉 "matsuri")
• Vyetnamsa (lài, nhài)

Jeni: jasumin, jasmin (8 famil), mali (4-6 famil "Mali, meli", nensim)

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (acknowledgement, recognition; acknowledge, recognize, grant, accept)
• Espanisa (reconocimiento; reconocer - rukone)
• Fransesa (reconnaissance; reconnaître - rukone)
• Rusisa (признание "priznaniye"; признавать "priznatvat" - prekone?)
• Doycisa (Anerkennung; anerkennen - rukone, zugeben)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (pengakuan, ikrar - vada; mengakui)
• Pilipinasa (kilala, kilanlin, tumanggap)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (स्वीकृति "svikr̥ti", मान्यता "manyata", इक़रार "ikrar" - sohovada; स्वीकार करना "svikar karna" - swikara, मान लेना "man lena", मानना "mana")
• Telugusa (గుర్తింపు "gurtimpu"; అంగీకరించు "angikarincu", గుర్తించు "gurtincu")
• Arabisa (إقرار "iqrar"; أَقَرَّ "aqara")
• Swahilisa (kukubali, ukiri, muungamo, ikirari - etiraf; -kiri, -kubali, -pokea, -ungama)
• Parsisa (اقرار "eqrâr" - etiraf, شناختن "šenâxtan" - kone)
• Turkisa (kabul - swikara?, onay, tasdik - tadiku, ikrar - etiraf, tanıma; kabul etmek, doğrulamak, tasdik etmek, tanımak - kone)
• Putunhwa (承认 "cengren", 认可 "renke", 接受 "jyexow")
• Hangusa (인정 "injong", 수용 "suyong")
• Niponsa (認識 "ninxiki" - rukone/aham, 受容 "juyo", 認める "mitomeru", 受け入れる "ukereru")
• Vyetnamsa (thừa nhận, công nhận, nhận ra)

Jeni: ikrar, ikrari (2-6 famil)

Aloopsyon: swikara, rukone?

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (coin)
• Espanisa (moneda)
• Fransesa (pièce de monnaie)
• Rusisa (монета "moneta")
• Doycisa (Münze)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (uang logam)
• Pilipinasa (barya, sinsilyo, kuwarta)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (सिक्के "sike", सिक्का "sika", मुद्रा "mudra")
• Telugusa (నాణెము "nanemu", టంకము "tankamu")
• Arabisa (عُمْلة مَعْدَنِيّة "umla madiniya", سِكَّة "sika")
• Swahilisa (sarafu)
• Parsisa (سِکِّه "seke")
• Turkisa (madenî para, sikke - guxi)
• Putunhwa (硬币 "yingbi")
• Hangusa (동전 "dongjon", 경화 "gyonghwa", 주화 "juhwa")
• Niponsa (硬貨 "koka", コイン "koin")
• Vyetnamsa (đồng tiền, đồng xu, tiền đồng, tiền xu)

Jeni: sike (3-4 famil)

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (frustration; frustrate; frustrated)
• Espanisa (frustración; frustrar; frustrado)
• Fransesa (frustration; frustrer, contrarier; frustré, contrarié)
• Rusisa (разочарование "pazocarovaniye", расстройство "passtroystvo", фрустрация "frustratsiya"; раздражать "pazdraxat", расстраивать "passtraivat"; разочарованный "razocarovanniy", расстроенный "rasstroyenniy")
• Doycisa (Vereitlung; frustrieren; frustriert)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (frustrasi; kesal; tidak puas, frustrasi)
• Pilipinasa (pagkasayang, pagkaaksaya, pagkapahiya; maaksaya, maaksayang; bigo)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (निराशा "niraxa", नैराश्य "neraxya"; कुंठित कर देना "kuntit kar dena"; कुंठित "kuntit", हतोत्साहित "hatotsahit")
• Telugusa (??; ??; విసుగు "visugu")
• Arabisa (إِحْبَاط "ihbat"; أَحْبَطَ "ahbata"; مُحبَط "muhbat")
• Swahilisa (??; -pinga, -vunja, -pinza, -vizia)
• Parsisa (سرخوردگی "sarxordegi", ناکامی "nâkâmi"; ??)
• Turkisa (bıkkınlık; düş/hayal kırıklığına uğramak, bütün hayalleri suya düşmek, boşa çıkarmak, engellemek, planını bozmak, işine çomak sokmak, bozmak, canını sıkmak; hüsrana uğramış, hayalleri boşa çıkmış, umudu kırılmış, hayal kırıklığına uğramış, mutsuz)
• Putunhwa (挫折 "tswoje")
• Hangusa (좌절 "jwajol", 욕구불만 "yoggu-bulman" - xiwon-nentrutigi)
• Niponsa (挫折 "zasetsu", フラストレーション "furasutorexon", 欲求不満 "yokkyu-fuman" - xiwon-nentrutigi)
• Vyetnamsa (không hài lòng - nentruti, thất vọng - onxalakal, nản lòng, tức)

​

P: tswoje
H: j wajol
N:  z asetsu
J:  zwajel u

Jeni: frustra (3 famil), zwajelu (3 famil, nensim)

Fol doyan menalari:

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (submission; submit, file, present, hand in, hand over, turn in)
• Espanisa (sumisión, presentación, entrega, propuesta, alegato; someter, presentar, entregar)
• Fransesa (soumission; soumettre, présenter, déposer)
• Rusisa (подача "podaca"; подать "podat")
• Doycisa (Antrag; beantragen)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (serah?; menyerahkan)
• Pilipinasa (pahinohod)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (सौंपने की क्रिया "sompani ki kriya"; पेश करना "pex karna")
• Telugusa (సమర్పించడము "samarpincadamu")
• Arabisa (تَقْدِيم "taqdim", عَرْض "arḍ"; قَدَّمَ "qadama")
• Swahilisa (utoaji, uwasilishaji; -toa, -wasilisha)
• Parsisa (عرضه "arze", عَرض "arz", ارائه "erâe"; عرضه کردن "arze kardan")
• Turkisa (sunma, teklif, sunuş, arz; sunmak, arzetmek, göndermek, vermek, teslim etmek - ironipul)
• Putunhwa (提交 "tijyaw", 呈递 "cengdi", 提出 "ticu")
• Hangusa (제출 "jecul")
• Niponsa (提出 "texutsu")
• Vyetnamsa (đệ trình, đề xuất "deswat" ~ teyan)

Jeni: tecutu? (3-4 famil, nensim?), arze (3 famil)

P: tijyaw
H: jec u l
N: tex u tsu
V: des uat
J: tec u t u

Aloopsyon: awizin?, presenta?, teyan?

Fol Microsoft:

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (submission; submit)
• Espanisa (envío; enviar)
• Fransesa (soumission; soumettre, envoyer)
• Rusisa (отправка "otpravka"; отправить "otpravit")
• Doycisa (Übermittlung; übermitteln, absenden, einreichen, senden)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (kiriman; kirim)
• Pilipinasa (submission; isumite)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (सबमिशन "sabmixan"; सबमिट करें "sabmit karen")
• Telugusa (సమర్పణ "samarpana"; సమర్పించు "samarpincu")
• Arabisa (إرسال "irsal"; أَرْسَلَ "arsala")
• Swahilisa (uwasilishaji; -wasilisha)
• Parsisa (--; ارسال "ersâl")
• Turkisa (gönderim; göndermek)
• Putunhwa (提交 "tijyaw")
• Hangusa (제출 "jecul")
• Niponsa (提出 "texutsu", 送る "okuru")
• Vyetnamsa (gửi "giy")

Jeni: irsal (6 famil), submisi, submiti (3 famil)

Kom in "submissive"; fm, tas teo:

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (submission; submit; submissive)
• Espanisa (sumisión, entrega; someterse, rendierse, acceder, entregarse; sumiso)
• Fransesa (soumission; se soumettre, plier à; soumis)
• Rusisa (повиновение "povinoveniye", покорность "pokornost")
• Doycisa (Unterwerfung, Unterwürfigkeit; unterwerfen; unterwürfig, submissiv)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (penyerahan, kepatuhan; menyerah)
• Pilipinasa (sumuko)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (आत्मसमर्पण "atmasamarpan", अधीनता "adinta")
• Telugusa (లొంగిపోవలసి "longipovalasi")
• Arabisa (تَسْلِيم "taslim"; سَلَّمَ "salama")
• Swahilisa (kutii; -tii, -sujudia, -tiika)
• Parsisa (تسلیم "taslim"; تسلیم شدن "taslim šodan")
• Turkisa (boyun eğme, kendini teslim etme, razı olma hizaya/yola gelme; uymak, boyun eğmek, yumuşak başlı olmak, razı olmak)
• Putunhwa (顺从 "xuncung", 屈服 "cufu", 服從 "fucung" - etatu)
• Hangusa (복종 "bokjong" - etatu)
• Niponsa (服従 "fukuju" - etatu)
• Vyetnamsa (khuất phục, qui phục, phục tùng - etatu)

Jeni: fukujun (4 famil)

Aloopsyon: teslimu (>3 famil), (xor)etatu?

I will first give an example definition of the adjustment, and then explain its rationale and give example sentences to illustrate the adjustment as well as how it fits in with already established grammar.

The adjustment is subtle but important:

current -- bardi - transitive: chill , make cold , cool (down) ; intransitive: get cold , become cold

new -- bardi - transitive: chill, make cold, cool (down); intransitive: be cold

The noun-verbs termo and bardi are ambitransitive verbs, as seen in the Menalari. Currently, they are regarded as agentless verbs and as such they mean "to become warm/hot" and "to become cold" in their intransitive form, and "to cause to be(come) warm/hot" and "to cause to be(come) cold" in their transitive form.

These (and other similar verbs) should instead be regarded as verbs of state/status (a new subcategory of ambitransitive verbs) and work like verbs of feeling. Verbs of feeling, you might recall, are like pilo, which means "to feel fatigue(d) or to cause to feel fatigue(d)". On the other hand, "to become fatigued" would be xorpilo, which can also be expressed as sencu (or, xorsen) pilodo.

So if we have verbs of state work like verbs of feeling, bardi should mean "to be cold" or "to be in a state of cold" -- in short something like "to have cold(ness)" -- in its intransitive form, instead of "to become cold". I think this would be a significantly more useful intransitive form. The transitive form would essentially remain intact.

And now some example sentences to illustrate how verbs of state would work the same as verbs of feeling.

Verbs of Feeling

Mi pilo. = Mi sen pilodo.

I feel fatigue. = I am fatigued/tired.

To pilo mi.

It causes me to feel fatigue. or It tires me.

Mi xorpilo. = Mi sencu/xorsen pilodo.

I become/get tired.

Verbs of State mirroring Verbs of Feeling

To bardi. = To sen bardipul.

It is in a state of cold. = It is cold.

To termo. = To sen termopul.

It is in a state of heat. = It is warm/hot.

Mi bardi to.

I make it cold.

To xorbardi. = To xorsen/sencu bardipul. = To bardipulcu.

It becomes/gets cold.

Mi termo to.

I make it warm. or I heat it.

To xortermo. = To xorsen/sencu termopul. = To termopulcu.

It becomes/gets warm.

I think bardi and termo are the only nouns of state that the Menalari explicitly gives verb forms to, but while ironing out this detail, we can proceed with allowing all other nouns of state to work this way: cinon, xohra, etc.

Te cinon. = Te sen cinonpul.

He has intelligence. = He is intelligent.

Te xohra. = Te sen xohrapul.

She has fame. = She is famous.

Te le xorxohra. = Te le xorsen/sencu xohrapul. = To le xohrapulcu.

She became famous.

As we've known for quite some time now, "tired" can be expressed as either pilodo or pilopul. So far, we haven't established a distinction. However, a distinction is clearly suggested by this new development, which means that verbs of feeling could also be regarded as verbs of state (!) with with pilodo as the adjective form when regarded as a verb of feeling, and with pilopul as the adjective form when regarded as a verb of state.

Mi pilo. = Mi sen pilopul.

I have fatigue. = I am tired (full of fatigue).

As an addition to the grammar, we could therefore tentatively establish a nuance between -pul adjectives (without a specific or identifiable cause) and -do adjectives (caused by something in particular).

Mi sen pilodo.

I'm tired (as a result of something that cause me to feel this way).

Mi sen pilopul.

I'm tired. (Why? No reason, I just feel tired.)

Mi pilo.

(ambiguous) I'm tired or I feel tired.

Mi sen depresido.

I am depressed. (I've been depressed or been put into a depressed state by a particular cause, a life circumstance or physiological chemistry.)

Mi sen depresipul.

I am/feel depressed. (no particular cause)

Mi depresi.

(ambiguous) I am or feel depressed.

Likewise, in verbs of state there is distinction between -do and -pul adjectives.

termopul - warm/hot (in that state without specific cause)

termodo - heated (in that state as a result of a cause)

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Misu to sen 15-onsali.

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (bachelor, baccalaureate)
• Espanisa (bachiller, bachillerato)
• Fransesa (licence, bachelor)
• Rusisa (бакалавр "bakalavr")
• Doycisa (Bachelor, Bakkalaureat)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (sarjana)
• Pilipinasa (batsilyer)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (स्नातक "snatak")
• Telugusa (బ్యాచిలర్స్ "byacilars")
• Arabisa (بكالوريوس "bakalariyus")
• Swahilisa (awali, bachelor)
• Parsisa (کارشناسی "kâršenâsi", لیسانس "lisâns")
• Turkisa (lisans, bakalorya)
• Putunhwa (学士 "xwexi")
• Hangusa (학사 "haksa")
• Niponsa (学士 "gakuxi")
• Vyetnamsa (cử nhân)

Jeni: bacelor (6 famil), lisanse (3 famil)

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (rhyme)
• Espanisa (rima)
• Fransesa (rime)
• Rusisa (рифма "rifma")
• Doycisa (Reim)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (rima)
• Pilipinasa (rima, tugma)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (क़ाफ़िया "kafiya", तुक "tuk")
• Telugusa (ప్రాస "prasa")?
• Arabisa (قَافِيَة "qafiya")
• Swahilisa (kina)
• Parsisa (قافیه "qâfiye")
• Turkisa (kafiye)
• Putunhwa (押韵 "yayun")
• Hangusa (압운 "abun")
• Niponsa (押韻 "oin")
• Vyetnamsa (vần, vận mẫu)

Jeni: kafye (4 famil, "kafe, kapi"), rima (2 famil, "lima")

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (naive, ingenuous, innocent, artless, simple; naïvete, naivety)
• Espanisa (cándido, ingenuo, inocente, confiado)
• Fransesa (naïf, ingénu; naïveté)
• Rusisa (наивный "naivniy"; наивность "naivnost")
• Doycisa (unbefangen, naiv, blaugäugig; Naivität)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (naif)
• Pilipinasa ??

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (भोला "bola")
• Telugusa (అమాయకమైన "amayakamayna")
• Arabisa (ساذج "sāḏaj, saḏij")
• Swahilisa (-sio na hila, -jinga, -sungo, -shamba)
• Parsisa (ساذج "sâzaj", خام "xâm")
• Turkisa (saf, naif, deneyimsiz, toy)
• Putunhwa (輕信 "tyenjen", 轻信 "cingxin")
• Hangusa (천진 "conjin", 순진 "sunjin", 박직 "bakji")
• Niponsa (輕信 "tenxin", 初 "ubu", ナイーブ "naibu")
• Vyetnamsa (ngây thơ, ngờ nghệch)

Jeni: naive, naivu, naif (4-5 famil), tenjin (3 famil)

Ewropali (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Englisa (tablet)
• Espanisa (tableta, tablet)
• Fransesa (tablette)
• Rusisa (планшет "planxet")
• Doycisa (Tafel, Tablet)

Awstronesili (Tongo to sen un famil.):

• Indonesisa (tablet)
• Pilipinasa (tableta, tablet)

Alo (Moyun to sen un famil.):

• Hindi (टैबलेट, टेबलेट "teblet")
• Telugusa (టాబ్లెట్ "tablet")
• Arabisa (لَوْح "lawh", تابلت "tablit")
• Swahilisa (kibao, ndogo, bapa)
• Parsisa (تبلت "tablet")
• Turkisa (tablet)
• Putunhwa (平板 "pingban")
• Hangusa (태블릿 "tebullit")
• Niponsa (タブレット "taburetto")
• Vyetnamsa (máy tính bảng)

Jeni: tableta (8 famil)

The following words are currently in the Menalari:

poetess - fempoemayen (analyzed as fem-poemayen: female poet)

invisible - okonenible (analyzed as oko-nenible: impossible to see)

stingy, ungenerous - gibenenfil (analyzed as gibe-nenfil: uninclined to give) or nengibefil (analyzed as nengibe-fil: inclined to not give)

What's going on here? Apparently, nen- immediately precedes the modified morpheme. With a suffix like -fil, nen- can modify either the verb or the suffix and the meaning is essentially synonymous. But with suffixes like -abil and -ible, we cannot modify the verb with nen- and expect the derived word to be synonymous with the word in which nen- modifies the suffix: oko-nenible (impossible to see) vs nenoko-ible (possible to not see).

But how about fem-/man-? Apparently, fem-/man- is always placed at the start of the derived word, meaning that if modifies whatever comes after, as a whole. Shouldn't it be poemafemyen instead, so that fem-/man- immediately precedes the modified morpheme, in this case the suffix -yen? We could certainly say poemafemyen, but I think it's fine to always have fem-/man- at the start of the derivation, as the default usage. Why? Because we know that semantically fem-/man- typically modify living beings, not inanimate objects like poems. But wouldn't a word like femeskolkef mean "a principal for an all-girls school" rather than a "female principal"? No. That would be femyen-eskolkef.

At any rate, if poemafemyen can be tolerated (as an alternative to the standard fempoemayen), couldn't we also tolerate placing nen- at the start of a derivation with the rest of the word modified, as opposed to just the verb? Couldn't we say nenokoible as an alternative to okonenible, with nenokoible analized as nen-okoible (not-visible) rather than as nenoko-ible (possible to not see)? In other words, does something like "possible to not see" actually mean anything useful that we need to make a distinction between that and "impossible to see"? Perhaps, but I honestly fail to see a useful distinction, so unless we can discern it, I think we can allow okonenible and nenokoible (nen-okoible, not nenoko-ible) to be synonymous.

By the way, when used with verbs, the English prefix un- means pos- rather than nen-: unlock, unbutton, uninvite, unsee, etc. So something like "possible to unlock" or "possible to unsee" would be expressed with pos-, not nen-: poskufluible (possible to unlock: unlock-able) vs kuflunenible (impossible to lock: un-lockable); posokoible (possible to unsee, which is different from "possible to not see", whatever that means) vs okonenible (impossible to see: invisible) or (?) nenokoible (not possible-to-see: invisible).

So unlike nen-, pos- would definitely need to always immediately precede the modified word. In this case, there would be a useful distinction between something like posinvitafil (tending to uninvite: loves to uninvite people, presumably after inviting them) vs invitaposfil (averse to inviting: hates to invite people).

In conclusion, we'll keep the Menalari as is for now, but let's keep an eye on nen- usage. If words like nenokoible become prevalent, even if not the norm, we'll likely add those as synonyms at some point, which would parallel -fil pairs like gibenenfil and nengibefil.