La gazeto Esperanta Finnlando publikigis mian artikolon Internaciaj lingvoj en komparo en la plej nova numero, 4b/2024. Jen PDF de la artikolo. La artikolo temas pri Pandunia, Esperanto kaj la angla kiel internaciaj lingvoj.

I created a new discussion forum for Pandunia at https://pandunia.info/forum/

It is open for everyone in the internet. Everyone can post messages there without registration. (You only have to prove that you're not a robot.)

It is a better place for topics and discussions that are useful for the general audience than channels that are for members only, like Facebook, Telegram, Discord and even Reddit. Google and other search engines can search it, so there's a better chance that people will find the right information. We have had so many great discussions in other channels over the years but unfortunately nobody can find them because they are for members only.

They don't seem to have color words (except blue) and words for tongue, squirrel ect.

A pronominal phrase is an expression that consists of several words and functions syntactically as a pronoun. Pandunia's pronominal phrases can be arranged in a regular table of pronominals as below.

This table is in the style of Esperanto's well-known table of correlatives, but the system is entirely different. In Esperanto the "correlatives" form a special class of words that have unique endings that are not used anywhere else in the language. In Pandunia these are just normal determiner + noun pairs.

I have updated all English, Spanish and Portuguese web pages in www.pandunia.info. I have update other language versions only partly, but they will be completed in a week. Pandunia sample texts haven't been updated yet. All in all, the website is now in better condition than in a long time. When you go there, you will see that Pandunia has changed...

On the surface, the new version is very different compared to the earlier versions, but on a deeper level it's the same old Pandunia. Grammatical structure is like in Pandunia 2, word building is like in Pandunia 1 and the root word stock is mostly the same as it has always been. What is new is that the most frequently used words, the core vocabulary, is now drawn mostly from English, other Germanic languages and English-based creoles. But that's only the core vocabulary. Otherwise Pandunia's vocabulary is still evenly global.

It is often said that English is the global lingua franca. By one definition "a lingua franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a first language, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both speakers' first languages." English as the lingua franca is a non-native language. So when Pandunia has adopted new "English" influence, it is from this global, non-native speakers' lingua franca and not from native speakers' English. The grand plan is to replace English with Pandunia as the global lingua franca as smoothly as possible. It is now possible when Pandunia and non-native Englishes are compatible on a basic level.

Some say that any constructed auxiliary language must compete with "the juggernaut of English". It doesn't have to be so. It is also possible to harness the power of international English for the good of the auxiliary language. This is what Pandunia attempts to do now. People almost all over the world learn English with different results. Only relatively few learn it well. Most people speak some kind of broken English: Engrish, Chinglish, Franglish, Spanglish and so on. Learning English is like a desperate race uphill toward native level fluency that is unattainable - except for the native speakers who were fortunate to be born at the top! A simple and tidy constructed language like Pandunia looks very appealing next to difficult and messy English. So Pandunia could benefit from both positive and negative attitudes toward English. On one hand, people would want to learn it because it is like English, and, on the other hand, people would want to learn it because it is unlike English. We can tell people that they don't have to throw away all the hard effort that they have invested in learning English. Just stop speaking bad English and start speaking good Pandunia. It's easier!

This change of direction is dramatic but logical in the evolution of Pandunia. Pandunia is meant to be the world language. That is its only purpose to exist. Therefore it has to look, sound and feel like a world language. The new version is really about finding the best sound, look and feel for Pandunia, so that the general audience around the world would find it acceptable and reasonable as the next world language.

Unfortunately we often forget the ultimate goal of the auxiliary language and get carried away by many different ideas. The auxiliary language scene tends to become a form of conlanging, where building someone's ideal language gets the upper hand of building a realistic and practical language for all. Many self-proclaimed auxiliary languages have actually very little to do with the reality of international communication around the world today.

Conlangers can play God and say "Let there be world language!" in their small imaginary worlds. Auxlangers can't do that because we are dealing with the real world that is what it is. So it's time to step out of the mud and mire of conlanging to the firm ground and among cold facts. The new version of Pandunia resulted from a reality check that was long overdue.

I realize that some followers of Pandunia might not like this new leap in Pandunia's evolution for whatever reason. Some hate mail is to be expected. Still, this is what Pandunia was meant to become. I'm proud of the old versions of Pandunia but I see them now as intermediate steps in the evolution of this language. Those who really prefer the previous version of the language should go to Ben Baxa.

But before you do that, please take a closer look at new Pandunia. There is more than meets the eye at first. In fact, there is only so much (or little?) new English influence in new Pandunia as is necessary to make elementary communication between English speakers and Pandunia speakers possible. That's all. If you dig a little deeper, you will see that Pandunia still has evenly global vocabulary. New Pandunia could be seen as a kind of a pidgin, "a simplified version of one language that combines the vocabulary of a number of different languages".

Well, that's all for now! I will write more posts in the coming days and weeks. There are many cool new things in Pandunia that I want to share with you! :)

-- Risto

The year is about to end. I'm writing this in the basement of my home and other people are already starting up the New Year's party upstairs, so I will write only briefly.

I promised to finalize version 3 by the end of Pandunia this year. I began to develop version 3 because I tought that all earlier versions had been too much like something. Version 0 was too minimalistic, version 1 was too agglutinative and version 2 was too isolating. So my main goal was to find the golden mean and to put together the best parts from the earlier versions.

The end of the year is a time of festivities and I have been sort of occupied, but I managed to find the final form of Pandunia. All details are not in place yet, for example the dictionary is now three times smaller than what it used to be, but I have updated almost all of the English version of the website. Unfortunately I didn't have time to write a summary of what's new yet, so I will write more messages about different aspects of Pandunia 3 in January.

The party has started and I have to join it. I will write more soon. For now I just wanted to say that Pandunia version 3 is ready and it's final.

Happy new year everyone!

In the past few months I have worked with Pandunia's word derivation system. There were two competing systems. The first one was Indo-European word derivation style that was used in Pandunia v.1. The other one was East Asian word derivation style that was used in Pandunia v.2. I needed to evaluate which one is better.

I felt like the system in v.2 was great in its simplicity but the word forms that it produced were lacking in internationality. Therefore it needed to change somehow for Pandunia v.3.

The word derivation systems of v.1, v.2 and v.3 are exemplified in the table below.

Version 1 had a stem and affix based word derivation. Words typically consisted of a stem and one suffix in minimum. New words were be created by adding more suffixes and prefixes. This system was in principle similar to word derivation systems in Indo-European and Bantu languages.

Version 2 had analytic word derivation. Base words were atomic and complete on their own. They didn't need any suffixes to be complete. When they took a suffix, the resulting word had a different meaning than what the base word had alone. The inventory of suffixes was a mixed bag of borrowings from many languages. Principles of word derivation were similar to Chinese, Malay and other East Asian languages.

In version 3, word derivation uses the same principle as in version 2, but it uses a different inventory of suffixes. Most suffixes are Greek and Latin in origin, because they are instrumental for building very widely known scientific and technological words. Version 3 also introduces a set of prefixes, like de-, that were not used before in Pandunia.

There are two things that I wanted to achieve with the new word derivation system. First, I wanted that international scientific and technological words come out naturally in Pandunia. They should look almost like what they look like in other languages. Second, I wanted to keep the system simple. It would be impossible to imitate any natural language letter by letter in any case, because natural languages are more or less irregular. So Pandunia's system must be able to stand alone. So something like nota-fa-tion doesn't look exactly like not-if-ic-at-ion, but it's close enough to be learned easily and it has the benefit of being much simpler. In fact, Pandunia's new word derivation system is as simple as it can be!

Note that Pandunia's affixes are not only European. Pandunia's imperia-li (or sultanya-li) is like Turkish saltanat-lı, Pandunia's mei-fa is like Mandarin měi-huà and Cantonese mei-faa, and Pandunia's ban-ya is like Japanese pan-ya 'bread shop' even if we prefer ban-kan.

Note. The suffix -a is an orthographic variant of -ya. It is used after a word part that ends in -i. So for example imperia is actually imperi-ya.

I added a new pronunciation rule about optional, unwritten schwa sounds. The schwa is an epenthetic vowel (a kind of "buffer" vowel). Its job is to make pronunciation easier for those who find it hard to say words with some consonant clusters or final consonants. So for example the word skuter can be pronounced /skuter/, /səkuter/ or /səkuterə/, where /ə/ stands for a very short and unstressed schwa sound.

This rule can also make it easier to pronounce external words, like brand names and cultural terms, which have consonant clusters and finals that would not be allowed normally in Pandunia. For example the word hip hop can now be pronounced /hip hop/ or /hipə hopə/, but it doesn't need to be written differently, like hipe hope. So there's no need to add "extra" vowels anymore!

The updated chapter is here.

What would be a good root for "to swim, swimming"? It's still missing I think.

Hi everyone! I've translated some sentences into Globasa and Pandunia respectively in order to practice but also for the sake of comparison. Could you correct the mistakes please? [PD] stands for "Pandunia", [GB] for "Globasa". I know, I know: Pandunia sentences don't start with an upper-case letter, but I just — I can't.

Random sentences:

[PD] Mi vol xule ye baxa. [GB] Mi vole na xwexi hin basa. [EN] I want to learn that language.

[PD] Sual es hau si pan jen loga la sam baxa? [GB] Kam ger sen bon eger moy insan pala sama basa? [EN] Would it be good if all people spoke the same language?

[PD] Ke sabu tu no yam max cai? Da (es) sale. [GB] Yu no glu max cay keseba? To (sen) seha. [EN] Why don’t you drink more tea? It’s healthy.

[PD] Poli xukre to pan! [GB] Multi xukra cel moyte! [EN] Thanks a lot everyone!

Sentences from the Pandunia grammar, with slight modifications:

[PD] Da ga to xulekan. [GB] Te idi cel eskol. [EN] They go to school. [note: singular they]

[PD] Un suga loge. Tu suga loge. [GB] Velosi pala. Yu velosi pala. [EN] A fast speech. You speak fast.

[PD] Englix be loge. Se loge englix. [GB] Englisa bepala. Ren pala Englisa. [EN] English is spoken. One speaks English.

[PD] Mi kitabe un ame angil. [GB] Mi eskri exkuli suratu. [EN] I write a love letter.

[PD] Tu vol va buku, he? / Tu vol no vol va buku? / Sual tu vol va buku? [GB] Kam yu vole den kitabu? [EN] Do you want that book?

[PD] Ye es mau. Da vol yam vo muxu. [GB] Hin sen myaw. Te vole yam den maux. [EN] This is a cat. It wants to eat that mouse.

[PD] Da es un hau jen. [GB] Te sen bon yen/person/insan. [EN] They are a good person. [note: singular they]

[PD] Tu mei di kitabe. [GB] Yu meli eskri. [EN] You write beautifully.

[PD] Mi suke oranje max ka aple. [GB] Mi suki bortokal max kom pingo. [EN] I like oranges more than apples.

[PD] Tuzi (ya) yam karote. [GB] Kargux yam karote. [EN] The rabbit/hare eats the carrot.

[PD] Tu pul yam un piza. [GB] Yu finyam pitza. [EN] You’re eating up the pizza.

[PD] Mi (zai) yam un piza. [GB] Mi (nun) nun yam pitza. [EN] I’m eating pizza (right now).

[PD] Mi (le) lai to siti. [GB] Mi nun le ata cel xaher. [EN] I’ve arrived in the city.

[PD] Mi (pas) don la buku to damen. [GB] Mi le gibe kitabu tas ete. [EN] I gave them the book.

[PD] Mi pas ada gul yo bir. [GB] Mi le duglu bira. [EN] I used to drink beer.

[PD] Un baker bake yo ban. [GB] Furnoyen furno roti. [EN] A baker bakes bread.

[PD] Guru mus mi kitabe la jawabe. [GB] Alimyen musigi mi na eskri jawabu. [EN] The teacher is compelling me to write the answer.

[PD] Da loge kon da su xefe. [GB] Te pala ton tesu kef. [EN] They are speaking to their boss. [note: singular they]

[PD] Ceng fem (es) a dom. [GB] Femixu (sen) in baytu. [EN] The woman is in the bathroom.

[PD] Mi su kar es mede baca. [GB] Misu ergo sen na sahay bete. [EN] My work is to help children.

[PD] Gani no es dus. [GB] Na lala no sen bur. [EN] Singing is not bad.

[PD] Mi fa mau yam pexe. [GB] Mi yamgi myaw yon mahi. [EN] I’m feeding the fish to the cat.

[PD] La xiu bake meme ya vol xuru yam la hau seng cau. [GB] Lil sefide meme vole xoryam bon taze gras. [EN] The small white sheep wants to start eating the good fresh grass.

[PD] Mi bil ga to dom. [GB] Mi abil idi cel ogar. [EN] I can go home.

[PD] Tu sel yam yo fite. [GB] Yu ingay na yam sabzi. [EN] You should eat vegetables.

[PD] Mi vol tu yam yo fite. [GB] Mi vole ki yu am yam sabzi. [EN] I want you to eat vegetables.

[PD] (Mi) ase tu yam max frute. [GB] Mi xiwon ki yu am yam max fruta. [EN] I wish you would eat more fruits.

[PD] Amir kluze la mun! [GB] Am klosi dwer! [EN] Close the door!

[PD] Tu mi vide. [GB] El yu mi oko. [EN] I see you.

[PD] Tu es ki mi vide. [GB] Yu sen hu mi oko da. [EN] It’s you I see.

[PD] Tu zai yam ke? / Ke tu zai yam? [GB] Yu (nun) nun yam keto? [EN] What are you eating?

[PD] Da lai a ke sata? [GB] Te xa preata kewatu? [EN] At what time will they arrive? [note: singular they]

[PD] Tumen vizite a ke jen su dom? [GB] Uyu visita kesu ogar? [EN] Whose home are you visiting?

[PD] La jen, mi vide ki fa kitabe la buku, pada. [GB] Person hu mi oko eskri kitabu da sokutu. [EN] The person that I see writing a book is falling.

[PD] Vo es bari ki damen no vide mi. [GB] To sen muhim ki ete no oko mi. [EN] It’s important that they don’t see me.

[PD] Ki pan jen be sana ka par, la es klar. [GB] Ki moy insan bekrea egal sen mingu. [EN] That all people are created equal is evident.

[PD] Mi kar to ke mimen ha bas pesa. [GB] Mi ergo celki imi hare kufi pesa. [EN] I work so that we have enough money.

[PD] Mimen ha bas pesa de ki mi kar. [GB] Imi hare kufi pesa koski mi ergo. [EN] We have enough money because I work.

[PD] Mi no yam da si mi es tu. [GB] Mi no ger yam to eger mi sen yu. [EN] I wouldn’t eat that if I were you.

[PD] Da ya es neu meza. [GB] To sipul sen neo mesa. [EN] That’s a new table indeed.

[PD] Mi vide no tu ama damen. [GB] Mi oko no yu mas ete. [EN] I don’t see you but them.

[PD] Mi cing tu no saf la kamar. [GB] Mi peti ki yu am no safegi kamer. [EN] I’m asking you not to clean the room.

[PD] Bil, mi su es mau a xa zaman. [GB] Ible mi hare myaw fe xaya. [EN] Perhaps I will have a cat in the future.

[PD] Yam ba! [GB] Am yam! [EN] Eat!

[PD] Tu kitabe da, he? Na, no le. [GB] Kam yu dupul eskri dento? Nun, no uje. [EN] Have you written it? No, not yet.

[PD] Va, da dai! [GB] Wao, to day! [EN] Wow, it’s big!

[PD] Tu su es hali papir, he? [GB] Kam yu hare kal paper? [EN] Have you got any blank paper?

[PD] Tu mus lete vo lexi. [GB] Yu musi doxo den lexi. [EN] You have to read that word.

[PD] Mi kitabe letre. [GB] Mi eskri suratu. [EN] I write a letter.

[PD] Letre es kitabe angil/misaje. [GB] Suratu sen eskrido mesaje. [EN] A letter is a written message.

[PD] Mi ame/lubi tu su kitabe. [GB] Mi lubi yusu eskriya. [EN] I love your writing.

[PD] Da sual tu es ke yang. [GB] Te swal ku yu sen kepul. [EN] They’re asking how you are. [note: singular they]

Sentences from the Globasa grammar, with slight modifications:

[GB] Bwaw velosi glu sui. / Velosi, bwaw glu sui. [PD] La vaf suga yam yo sui. [EN] The dog is drinking water quickly.

[GB] Unyum, te le idi cel banko. [PD] A un me da (pas) ga to bankekan. [EN] First they went to a bank. [note: singular they]

[GB] Maria su baytu sen day. [PD] Maria su dom es dai. [EN] Maria’s house is big.

[GB] Mi le wanji ku te vole na yam keto. [PD] Mi (pas) anmemo ke da vol yam. [EN] I’ve forgotten what they want to eat. [note: singular they]

[GB] Te le gibe pesa tas ke doste? [PD] Da (pas) don pesa to ke doste? [EN] Which friend did they give money to? [note: singular they]

[GB] Hinto sen kesu kursi? [PD] Ye es ke su kursi? [EN] Whose chair is this?

[GB] Mi jixi ku fe ke mesi. [PD] Mi ken a ke mes. [EN] I know in which month.

[GB] Mi xa preata denwatu hu yamsen jambi. [PD] Mi xa lai ke sata la yam redi. [EN] I will arrive when the meal is ready.

[GB] Mi sen hazuni kom yu. [PD] Mi es duku ka tu. [EN] I’m sad like you.

[GB] Mi salom yu sodarsim. [PD] Mi sau di salam tu. [EN] I greet you fraternally.

[GB] Hin baytu sen denmo day kom misu to. [PD] Ye dom es sam dai ka mi su. [EN] This house is as big as mine.

[GB] Daydenpul din! [PD] Ke tipe den! [EN] What a day!

[GB] Yu hare daydenmo meli oko! [PD] Tu ha mei oke, va! [EN] You have such beautiful eyes!

[GB] Mi le kari tiga yuxitul cel moyun nini. [PD] Mi (pas) xope tri vanu gi pro pan un baca. [EN] I’ve bought three toys for each child.

[GB] Mi dupul kone te dur tigades nyan. [PD] Mi ken da de tri des nen. [EN] I’ve known them for thirty years. [note: singular they]

[GB] Mi ger yam pingo eger mi sen yamkal. [PD] Mi yam aple si mi yau yam. [EN] I would eat an apple if I were hungry.

[GB] Piu velosi beyam myaw. [PD] Un paci suga di be yam la mau. [EN] A bird is slowly being eaten by the cat.

[GB] Mi vole ki te am safegi sesu kamer nundin. [PD] Mi vol ki da safife da su kamar zai den. [EN] I want them to clean their room today. [note: singular they]

[GB] Kitabu hu xwexiyen am doxo da no sen daymo lungo. [PD] Kitabe ki xuler mus dugu/lete no es tre long. [EN] The book that the pupil has to read isn’t very long.

[GB] Banete ergo velosi ji banete ergo hanman. [PD] Yo jen suga di kar e yo jen ansuga (?) di kar. [EN] Some people work fast and some work slowly.

[GB] Dua trasbasayen ergo velosi ji un te ergo hanman. [PD] Du trabaxer suga di kar e un ansuga (?) di kar. [EN] Two translators are working fast and one is working slowly.

[GB] Mi le gibe pesa cel coriyen volekal koski mi le befobi ki te xa morgi mi. [PD] Mi (pas) don yo pesa to corer hin di vol de sabu mi (pas) be fobi (?) ki da matafa mi. [EN] I gave the thief the money involuntarily because I feared he would kill me.

[GB] Misu gami glu sol kafe fe soba. [PD] Mi su gam fa yam sol kafe a suba. [EN] My spouse drinks coffee in the morning.

[GB] Singa suki idey hu maux ger abil na sahay te. [PD] La singa suke la idee ki la muxu bil mede da. [EN] The lion was tickled by the idea that the mouse could help them. [note: singular they]

[GB] Te sen femixu hu mi lubi da. [PD] Da es fem ki mi ame/lubi. [EN] That’s the woman I love.

[GB] Kamisa hu mi suki da sen blue. [PD] Kamisa ki mi suke es nil. [EN] The shirt I like is blue.

[GB] Te sen manixu husu sodar kone mi. [PD] Da es man ki su sau ken mi. [EN] He’s the man whose sibling knows me.

[GB] Kitabudom hu mi ergo denloka sen day. / Kitabudom hu mi ergo in da sen day. [PD] La kitabekan a ki mi kar es dai. [EN] The library I work at is big.

[GB] Din hu mi xa preata denwatu sen Lunadin. / Din hu mi xa preata fe da sen Lunadin. [PD] La den a ki mi (xa) lai es lunaden. [EN] The day when I arrive is Monday.

[GB] Am gibe tas mi to hu mi vole da. [PD] Don ba to mi ki mi vol. [EN] Give me what I want!

[GB] Cele sen na triunfa. [PD] La dike es jai. [EN] The aim is to win.

[GB] Yusu problema sen ki yu godo fikir. [PD] Tu su problem es ki tu max ka bas fikre. [EN] Your problem is that you think too much.

[GB] Gitara sen asan na soti. [PD] La gitar es fasil to geme. [EN] The guitar is easy to learn.

[GB] Na suyon in bahari sen amuzane. [PD] [Missing root] in bahai es vanu. [EN] Swimming in the sea is fun.

[GB] Fe na doxo, nini le xorsomno. [PD] A dure de lete, la bace (pas) xuru sona. [EN] While reading, the child fell asleep.

[GB] Myaw sen fe inya sanduku. / Myaw inya sanduku. [PD] Mau es a in de sanduku. [EN] The cat is inside the box.

[GB] Baytu fe kapi de liljabal sen kimapul. [PD] Dom a la xan pike sen poli koste. [EN] A house at the hill top is expensive.

[GB] Kastilo feya keloka? [PD] La burge es ke loka? [EN] Where is the castle located?

[GB] Hay multi kitabu fe hin dom. [PD] Ha men/poli kitabe a ye loka. [EN] There are many books in this place.

[GB] Hay barix. / To barix. [PD] Barxa. [EN] It’s raining.

[GB] Mi jixi ki yu le xuli mobil. [PD] Mi ken ki tu (pas) repare la car. [EN] I know that you’ve repaired the car.

[GB] To no surprisa mi, ku yu le kare mobil. [PD] No supriza mi ki tu (pas) xope un car. [EN] It doesn’t surprise me that you’ve bought a car.

[GB] Parti xa okur keloka? [PD] La feste (xa) voku ke loka? [EN] Where will the party take place?

[GB] Yu ogar keloka: in Barati or Indonesi? [PD] Tu dom ke loka: in Bartia o Indonesia? [EN] Where do you live: in India or Indonesia?

Do you feel like there are still nuances that Pandunia cannot express yet with its current grammatical rules?

Hi, I heard Pandunia is being finalised in 2023 with no more plans to change it. I was wondering as it's 2023, has it been finalised or is there going to be more changes before the year's end?

If it's finalised, has the official material been updated?

Thanks.

Hi, I was looking at the dictionary, but it seems to be lacking formatting (at least new lines). Is it supposed to look like that?

https://www.pandunia.info/eng/tiddly.html

There is now a library wiki, kitabekan, for texts in Pandunia. I have already collected some old Pandunia texts there that have been written in old versions. I will dig up and copy more of them there. My plan is to update them to the current (soon to be final) version of Pandunia.

I already updated the old translation of Carl Sagan's Pale Blue Dot. Here's the link: lege nil punte.

Kitabekan is a wiki so everyone, including you, can easily write and edit texts there. It is a Mediawiki, so the technology is the same as in the Wikipedia. Refer to this cheatsheet if you need help in text formatting.

I propse "sukar" instead of "sukre," which only resonates with French. It's important to have an "ar" in the second syllable since virtually all languages have them: Russian "sakhar" to Spanish "azucar"

"this" should be something like "To" rather than "ye." Many languages across families have "TO" as part of the word for "this": Tagalog "itu" (Indonesian for "that'), Russian eto, Spanish esto, etc.

sal dunia, I work at a tuxedo shop and I thought of some words that could possibly be used to further Pandunia’s vocabulary! As far as I am aware these are not in the dictionary. I’m using the romanized form of certain languages here for simplicity, apologies

kravate / kravata = necktie French:cravate, Turkish:kravat, Spanish:corbata, Vietnamese: cà vạt, Tagalog:kurbata, Portuguese:gravata, German:Krawatte, Farsi:kerâvât

esmoking = tuxedo French:Portuguese:German:Russian:smoking, Spanish:esmoquin, Turkish:smokin

Or

tuksedo = tuxedo English:tuxedo, Japanese:takishidō, Korean:teoksido, Hindi:taksedo, Tagalog:tuksedo

jileko= waistcoat/vest French:English:gilet, Spanish:chaleco, Tagalog:tsaleko, Greek:giléko, Italian:gilè, Russian:žilétka, Vietnamese:gi lê, Persian:jeliqe, Turkish:yelek

guante = glove Spanish:Portuguese:guante, French:gant, Tagalog:gwantes, Italian:guanto, Vietnamese:găng, Greek:gánti

kolar = collar English:Spanish:collar, French:col, Portuguese:colarinho, Swahili:kola, Hausa:kwala, Hindi:kŏlar, Japanese:kārā, Korean:kalla, Vietnamese:cổ

Note that “collar” in Spanish means specifically for an animal

I think some of these words might be able to be made by combining existing words, but here’s my stab at it!

I've been watching a lot of videos in Esperanto lately and I've been wondering: what role should E–o and E–ujo have in a world in which Pandunia somehow "succeeded"? I mean, for about 135 years hundreds of thousands of people have put a lot of effort into the language and everything related to it. Should E–o have a role similar to that of Volapük today, being mostly of historical interest?