https://soylentnews.org/article.pl?sid=24/05/10/1740200

https://gizmodo.com/nasa-pulsed-plasma-rocket-advanced-concept-mars-1851463831

"The future of space travel depends on our ability to reach celestial pit stops faster and more efficiently. As such, NASA is working with a technology development company on a new propulsion system that could drop off humans on Mars in a relatively speedy two months' time rather than the current nine month journey required to reach the Red Planet

[...] The potentially groundbreaking propulsion system is being developed by Arizona-based Howe Industries. To reach high velocities within a shorter period of time, the pulsed plasma rocket would use nuclear fission—the release of energy from atoms splitting apart—to generate packets of plasma for thrust.

[...] It would essentially produce a controlled jet of plasma to help propel the rocket through space. Using the new propulsion system, and in terms of thrust, the rocket could potentially generate up to 22,481 pounds of force (100,000 Newtons) with a specific impulse (Isp) of 5,000 seconds, for remarkably high fuel efficiency"

[...] "The space agency claims that the propulsion system's high efficiency could allow for crewed missions to Mars to be completed within two months. As it stands today with commonly used propulsion systems, a trip to Mars takes around nine months."

Just my idea of a plan for the first colonists, assuming SpaceX Starship gets there.

Arrival

A number of cargo Starships will have landed first. Initial crew is 2 Starships with 6 crew each. These all land near each other

The crew ships provide safe quarters, with closed loop oxygen and water, and enough food for a one synod stay.

As a safety feature, one of the cargo ships is a duplicate crew ship, fully stocked, to provide a backup in case a crew ship is damaged.

Disembark

The crew will have suits and an elevator to the surface. Cargo ships will have cranes to offload cargo. Initial cargo includes vehicles that can move pallets. Most cargo is craned to the surface in a palette, moved by vehicle to where it is needed, then opened and humans use the contents.

Solar Deployment

The solar panels need to be laid out. The limiting factor is transport weight, so they will be optimised for power:weight, likely leading to a simple design, effectively mats on the ground. Once deployed they need maintenance, mostly dust removal.

Exploration

The team need to find resources to use. This is going to mean going about in vehicles - or perhaps, remotely controlling vehicles. And drilling cores and using other techniques to find what is available. Water is the first priority, also the different types of rock that could be used for "marscrete" and possible locations for the base.

Water Mining

Once water is located, a production line needs to be set up to extract it in quantity. This is mostly for ISRU. Another important question: is it safe to drink? Extensive lab tests, followed by human testing, will determine this.

ISRU Plant

With power and water secured, the inputs for ISRU methane & oxygen production are available. One cargo ship will contain all the mechanics pre-fabricated, and can store the outputs in its tanks. Likely to be a long ramp up with lots of troubleshooting before this is working reliably.

Agriculture Experiments

Growing food will be vital long term. This is likely to be in greenhouses on the surface, which are pressurised, but only to a fraction of Earth pressure (I've read suggestions of 1/16th). A huge number of things can be tried: different species, hydroponics, earth soil, mixtures of Mars rock, natural lighting, LED supplement, etc. Results guide further experiments. This also gives the team fresh food, and stretches the supplies from Earth. This can even be the beginning of selective breeding for Mars suitability.

Marscrete Experiments

Serious construction will require a local source of concrete. Experiments can start to try mixing different mars rocks with different cement compound brought from Earth. If, say 1 ton of Earth cement can be mixed with 9 tons of Mars rock to make 10 tons of string concrete - this is a good start for construction.

Prototype Base

For radiation protection the humans need to be underground. Exploration will hopefully find a suitable initial location. A cave can be dug out. Then sealed habitat modules moved from cargo ships to the cave. When these are assembled, the humans stop living in the ships and use the prototype base.

As a stretch goal, perhaps sealed caves can be created, lined with marscrete, and pressurised, so large open spaces can be habitable.

Return

The first wave of colonists will all return after one synod. There's just too many unknowns to stay longer. But they may overlap with the second wave to do a bit of handover.

If everything has gone well, the second wave could be larger, perhaps 6 ships of 12. And some of these may be the first to stay for multiple synods

From what I can tell it seems a lot of people are letting their hatred of billionaires muddy their view of not just Mars colonization but space travel altogether. I'm not the biggest fan of Elon Musk and disagree with a lot of what he has said but I think the anti-musk crowd is letting their hatred of him affect their other views.

For instance youtubers like Adam Something, an urbanist, released a video trashing the idea of Mars colonization. I'm not sure if I misinterpreted the point of the video but to me it seemed more like his major point was "Elon Musk and rich men bad, therefore Mars colony bad." To me it just seems so odd, that someone who focused primarily on urbanism felt the need to pitch in on this like some kind of expert.

Also their is the subreddit r/enoughmuskspam which as far as I have seen absolutely hate the idea of Mars colonization. I get that they don't like Elon but do they really need to act like every single thing even remotely affiliated with his name is evil? It's like "umm akchtually spacex bad becaus musk man is evil billionare. no nuance allowed its all black and white." I'm not sure which side is more annoying, the Musk love crowd or the Musk hate crowd.

Edit: These aren't the only biases I have seen. A lot of people seem to think that the money should be spent on things like fixing climate change and solving homelessness. While these are definitely problems I don't think it's impossible to both fix our problems on Earth and progress into space.

I'm looking for scientifically plausible zones for pioneer colonies on Mars. I will have them living underground for radiation shielding, water sourcing, and geothermal for energy, so somewhere with stable regolith is needed. I like the idea of building near either Olympus Mons or Elysium Mons for dramatic views and access to lava tubes, but I also want the colonies to be safe once the northern ocean forms after terraforming. Most people seem to prefer Valles Marineris or other low-lying areas. I'd like to choose someplace unexpected, but not unbelievable. For example: would the Tharsis Plateau be too high for a plausible fledgling atmosphere? Would it be better to have them settle somewhere in a mid-altitude zone?

View Poll

I'm a journalist looking to talk to an expert/scientist about the actual engineering, etc. Any ideas?

Basically I’m wondering if, since the machines become in some sense lighter, do processes such as those involved in mechanical engineering of trains (old and new) change? I’m wondering what other things would change about the actual physical processes, and how design and manufacture of goods and machinery would alter (is it that it takes less energy to do the same task?)? I recognize this is a pretty specific question…I’m not expecting certainty from scientists, but maybe informed speculation (though science and engineering/physics students/experts obviously encouraged!) it’s more that I’m inviting people to elaborate in a thought experiment of like what differences in the day to day functioning of objects you might deduce as probable , if any

Edit: in the headline, “change’ was a typo and meant to be ‘engine.’

​

I may be the first Canberran to land on mars...

I'm going to try and present a new plan for Colonization of Mars here, although I cannot squeeze all of it into this single post. Its not that big but it does have a few more sections where i go over the basics as they really are. (this is a slight rewrite of the first post in Mars society sub, for purposes of more clarity)

I'm not sure how to call this plan, but maybe "Mars supply chain plan" or "Supply chain to Mars" is simple enough.

Everything in this post is based on existing technology and confirmed real abilities we have right now. Most of all on the tonnage to orbit capability and reliability of SpaceX rockets and the expected increase of capabilities with the Spaceship.

Everything i say here has been discovered and or created by someone else, so i cant take credit for any single part of it. As for credit for combining it all together, i guess it would be nice to be mentioned, but what would be really great is knowing i contributed. What i want with this is to present something to the public that everyone interested in Mars Colonization should become aware. And hopefully considered thoroughly by all invested parties.

Ive went through all existing "plans" for Mars colonization i could find. A great list of them is pinned at the top of this Sub. The situation is not great. Basically we do not have any actual well detailed plan of immediate action at all. Instead we have various general ideas about doing something.... some day... in 20, 30 years from now. Or much later. Even worse, all the existing plans for Mars colonization are based on two assumptions. These are largely the result of assumed costs, physical constraints and necessities based on pre-SpaceX rocket technology and therefore assumed limitations of our capabilities.

Those are:

1. A general assumption we can only send a single Spaceship to Mars carrying the colonists, the equipment and basic resources they will need. This seems as a given that everyone simply accepts both publicly and professionally.

2. An incorrect assumption we can only send a single ship or spacecraft to Mars every two years (26 months to be precise) which is the most optimal (shortest time spent traveling) launch window.

To be clear, we will need to wait that much to launch spaceships with human crews because that type of transfer orbit creates the fastest possible route to Mars.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit

The best standard estimates say it should be a six month journey for a human crew.

Although colonizing Mars is theoretically possible using these assumptions, such an attempt creates unavoidable potentially catastrophic consequences. Simply because you risk the whole mission on a single attempt, each and every time you launch a ship to Mars, every two years.

Simply by choosing to attempt reaching Mars (let alone colonizing it) in this way we automatically create these enormous risks:

• The possibility of some kind of malfunction or accident of the human crew ship completely destroying the whole attempt either during liftoff, during months of travel, or during landing itself.
• If we do a test flight first, there is no guarantee that even the first test flight will land and succeed. If it fails for any reason, how far back would that set the whole mission? At least 26 months in the best possible case?
• If the first test flight is successful it does not in any way remove the potentially catastrophic risks from the following “real first flight”.
• What if any of the subsequent supply/crew ship fails? You cant send another for at least 26 months… what then?
• Even if everything works the first crew will have to figure out how to live off the land, rapidly - Or die. We don’t even have prototypes of the hardware we will need for that and since there is no real comprehensive detailed plan nobody knows what exact kind of actual prototypes they should start making.
• Even if we actually had that hardware we would be risking it all each time we send a single ship to Mars… every 26 months.
• We effectively apply the approach of All or Nothing, each and every single time we launch a ship to Mars in our colonization effort.

This type of a plan means we would put all of our eggs in one proverbial basket every single time we launch any of these critical missions, for such an incredibly important historic mission where a disaster would set us back for years or decades. Or maybe even more. And then force us to take the same enormous risks again, to put all of our eggs in a single basket each and every single time we send a single ship to Mars.

In some rare cases the “plans” for the initial flight are amended to very general ideas about two Spaceships where the first will be a test landing without any crew onboard but potentially carry cargo of supplies and equipment. And then the second ship with human crew will be sent two years after that. (ive been informed there was some talk in 2017 where it was mentioned four cargo ships will be sent first and then two with human crews, but there is no real official clarification or any info about it one way or another)

• The latest bit of info:

Musk has previously said SpaceX might need 1,000 Starships to enable regular flights back and forth between Earth and Mars, and SpaceX would need to build one per week. In a recent post on his social media platform X, Musk suggested SpaceX might need to build Starships at an even faster rate to make a Mars settlement a reality.

"To achieve Mars colonization in roughly three decades, we need ship production to be 100/year, but ideally rising to 300/year," Musk wrote.

Hundreds of ships and three decades time frame. No other specifics, but that does seem like two year launch rhythm. How many of those just cargo or anything else about any actual plan for Mars was not mentioned.

There was a new "update" i saw where Elon also mentioned "2029" as the year when the first base would be established. And some kind of mention of 200.000 tonnes of cargo delivered in that time frame. So the thirty years in the previous comment could be the time frame for his whole idea of having a million people on Mars. That would be much closer to what i think can be achieved with the technology we have right now and the most reasonable improvements we can expect across the whole Space industry in the next eight to ten years.

The question is, basically, how much of useful cargo, resources and equipment you can get to Mars to fully support specific number of people. That is why most of the ideas we have about colonizing or just visiting Mars consider only small crews, but that creates further issues and risks in its own way.

The SpaceX current vague ideas may include up to one hundred colonists being sent with the first flight. Which we will not be able to supply or make sure they can survive without a lot of pre-delivered supplies and a lot of resupply flights, which cannot be done with just single launches and takes much, much longer if you wait two plus some months years.

But actually...

There is a different orbit transfer that would enable us to take a very different approach.

It has already been used to reach the Moon with smaller scientific payloads. It works. Actually, it has been used in eight missions so far.

• Hiten ISAS 1991 EBCT

• SMART-1 ESA 2004 IBCT

• GRAIL NASA 2011 EBCT

• BepiColombo ESA 2018 Ballistic capture - Mercury in 2025

• CAPSTONE NASA 2022 EBCT

• Danuri KARI 2022 EBCT

• Hakuto-R Mission 1 ispace 2022 EBCT

• SLIM JAXA/ISAS 2023 EBCT (successfully proven the ability of landing at very precise locations)

It is called Ballistic capture transfer.

https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.8856v1

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267695687_Earth--Mars_Transfers_with_Ballistic_Capture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_capture

(there is much more articles and studies about it available through basic search)

As envisioned by Francesco Topputo and Edward Belbruno.

But this capability needs to be considered in a slightly different way than we usually do.

If we conceptually separate the equipment and basic resources humans need to survive from the human crewed Spaceship in our plans for Mars colonization, whole new sets of possibilities open up.

What it basically means is this: We can shoot cargo and supplies “containers” into the orbital path Mars takes around the Sun, where they will drift and wait for Mars to catch up and get picked up by the planet.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-new-way-to-reach-mars-safely-anytime-and-on-the-cheap/

https://www.universetoday.com/117615/making-the-trip-to-mars-cheaper-and-easier-the-case-for-ballistic-capture/

The most important effect of this new approach is that we are no longer bound by necessity to wait two years to launch a single ship towards Mars, nor do we need to be especially careful about landing cargo on Mars, depending on the type of cargo. By using this approach we completely remove all the potentially catastrophic consequences of previous “plans”. Completely. Like Null and Void completely.

Launching such increased amounts of supplies is certainly possible now with Spacex Falcon, Heavy and upcoming Starship itself. Proven, reliable technology that already lifts cargo into orbit almost every week and the upcoming huge improvement in capabilities in the form of the Spaceship.

To reduce the risk of complete failure by any kind of accident we need two human crew Spaceships heading for Mars at the same time. (Those would use Hohmann transfer orbit in order to get the crew to Mars as fast as possible). Three ships would be even better. Not with triple crews but one crew split into three Spaceships - with as much cargo and equipment as we can fit into each, of course. I say, fight the harsh reality probabilities with a three body solution.

Using Ballistic capture transfers for cargo only - Creates Earth-Mars supply chain.

This approach would potentially allow us to send hundreds of cargo ships/containers to Mars anytime we want in between every two years (26 months) needed for human optimal launch windows. (to be fair, we may not be able to launch anytime we want, but we could launch much more then we currently think. The total amounts of launches per Earth year would of course depend on millions of things, including the funding and the whole public arguments and discussions and that whole... pile of stuff. But also, of course on exact mass of each container, the chosen orbit launcher, spaceship to Mars, the type of payload, everything.)

That could result in:

• Thousands of tonnes of basic resources, fabricated materials, machinery and equipment delivered to Mars before any humans get there.
• Additional hundreds and or thousands of tonnes of basic resources, fabricated materials, machinery and equipment delivered as long as we want also after humans land on Mars.
• We could in effect establish a continuous Earth-Mars supply chain where a container of useful cargo could drop on Mars every month, maybe even just weeks apart.
• This approach completely negates any danger of a critical destruction of any single of such cargo ships, for any reason, because we can send multiple copies of each type of cargo.
• Containers with cargo can be dropped down into prearranged drop zones in relative vicinity of the future first base. (JAXA SLIM mission proved it can be done that precisely)
• Even if some of cargo containers “fall down” onto Mars in any kind of uncontrolled manner it does not matter at all. In such a case the materials and resources in those crashed containers become parts, resources and basic materials colonists will be able to collect and reuse as they need. (JAXA SLIM mission also proved that precisely)
• We can easily detect and even see any such crash and immediately send replacements, or send multiple copies of each type of materials, resources and equipment we need.
• For many cargo types of basic resources we wont even need any kind of very complex controlled landing. A tonne of water ice that falls down on Mars surface and experiences “unscheduled disassembly” becomes… a tonne of water ice on Mars. No need to go dig it out of regolith and purify it. (at worst it becomes a part of the Mars atmosphere) Smash a few hundred tonnes of water onto Mars at a specific spot and you have a nice little mountain of pure water ice waiting for the colonists to tie them over until they establish water extraction in situ.
• Using Ballistic Capture transfer we can send a few hundred tonnes of best Earth water to Mars – easily. Water with all the minerals and electrolites our bodies crave, not just bleak purified H2O.
• We can send any kind of heavy digging machinery and prefabricated architectural basic components, the best Earth metallurgy can make. Hundreds and thousands of tonnes worth over a year or two. And we dont ever need to stop launching.
• Any kind of equipment, tools, machinery and complex technology systems to Mars including nuclear reactors. (small modular ones including the fuel any of those would need).
• Heavy construction machinery. Most of larger machinery can be disassembled into sections and parts that will be relatively easy to put together by Martians. Trucks, forklifts, cranes, bulldozers, loaders, excavators, motor graders, asphalt pavers, compactors, drills, pipe layers and off highway trucks, telehandlers … the whole inventory.
• Any other digging and boring machinery.
• Mining machinery. Including those gargantuan mining trucks.
• Tools. All the tools. I mean, literally… all the tools.
• Thousands of premade solar panels? Sure. Why not?
• Because of lower gravity of Mars which is about one third of Earths all of our Earth fabricated construction equipment, materials and architecture parts will be stronger and tougher then on Earth.
• This would enable some visibly enhanced architecture, although nothing too crazy. But we could probably pull off some nice (small) dome like spaces, big hall types of structures, extra long bridges, hanging terraces... all sealed and pressurized.
• All the best UV, all purpose radiation resistant, polarized polymers consisting of hundreds of less than a millimeter thick layers, that the Earth petrochemical industry can produce. Doesn't have to be used to build crazy space domes. It can be an insulation for every kind of living spaces. Roofs, balconies, terraces and gardens of all kinds. Or bigger underground caves and halls.
• We can send multiple copies of any kind of sensitive equipment and machinery so even if several of such cargo containers “don’t survive” the others will.
• Majority of any more sensitive cargo that experiences a rough landing for any imaginable reason will only turn into scrap parts and pure Earth produced metals and other materials colonists will be able to find and reuse.
• The First Base will need the absolute state of the art top air conditioning system. Can be delivered with the Supply Chain, in multiple copies for redundancy.
• Different types of equipment and material resources or supplies can be separated and prepared for different types of landing.
• Medicine of any type. Tonnes of it.
• Medical instruments. Any kind of very complex and sensitive medical equipment, instruments and materials crucial for maintaining health of the colonists and ability to perform even complex medical procedures on sight and crucial for tracking health states of each new Martian, which would be invaluable for all future colonists and as general medical knowledge for all humanity.
• Any and all materials and resources needed to establish local agriculture and food production.
• Soil. A hundred tonnes of rich Earth soil would be an incredibly valuable resource to have on Mars. How about several hundred of tonnes over a year or two? Organic rich soil is also very good as protection from space radiation.
• Plants. Not just seeds but whole living plants and smaller trees, hardy thick bushes, anything we can pack and hope it survives 6 months in space. Maybe most of the plants would need to go with the human crewed ships, because conditions for survival would be much better for the plants, especially bigger ones. And that would be cool.
• With a few hundred tonnes of best Earth soil ever made by mother Earth we can get some early little forests on Mars. (inside the habitats...) A forest is not just a bunch of trees and plants. Its a small ecosystem that supports other life too. - And mycelium.
• Any materials, prefabricated parts, machinery and chemicals needed for hydroponic production of food.
• Food. Long lasting, dehydrated rations and basic food ingredients.
• Glass. Tonnes of high quality different types of glass.
• Any type of factory machinery and chemical engineering to enable production of any kind of materials and or fuel needed.
• Clothes, cosmetics, batteries, 3D printers, basic chemicals… basically anything you can push into a hundred tonnes of useful cargo each Spaceship can carry or push towards Mars.
• Coffee. Lots and lots and lots of coffee. At least a thousand tonnes of coffee, ok? (In the first year!)
• Any type of electronics, computers, screens, laptops, semi conductor of any kind. Tonnes of it.
• Anything else I didn’t mention or thought about but would be useful and needed and could fit into each Spaceship hundred tonnes of cargo.
• If we are just lobbing cargo pods all year long at Mars and all we need is to “park it” somewhere close to Mars orbital path the hardware can be stripped down much more. It does not need to be a full Spaceship each and every time. It can be just a pusher in orbit. We dock a container of useful cargo to it. Push it.
• The pusher needs only the fuel to get the container to Mars orbit and do some slight adjustments. And serves as colony material too.
• It is easier and cheaper to launch just simple pushers into orbit.
• It would be even better if we could refuel some of them and send them back and forth.
• Refuel from where? Mars?
• Yes indeed.

This is how it could and should work:

A few years before we send humans to Mars (it can be four or six not just two) we can start seeding its orbital path with equipment, materials and all other resources humans, future Martians will need. It doesn't matter if the traveling time of cargo containers is longer then optimal best case for humans. Most of the basic resources, materials and equipment can survive longer transfer times without being damaged or affected very much.

• It doesn’t matter if each cargo ship traveling time is long if they start arriving at their destination one after another. In a continuous stream.

• More sensitive stuff can be sent with flights that will take the shortest time, with more additional protection, while the other more robust or basic cargo can be sent with launches that will take longer times to reach Mars orbit and eventually its surface and with less protection.

• We can adjust the final approaches of each cargo ship, (details in the linked paper) and aim them to land in specific drop zones on Mars close to the selected spot for the First Base. Some of the basic materials and parts can be even simply dropped down without any additional measures.

• Once the first humans arrive we can continue to drop cargo all year around into drop zones further away from the base. And close to any future planned base in another location.

• This approach not only gives you a return vehicle and fuel for it. It gives you dozens of return spaceships and reliable production of fuel, and refueling and preparation for the return flight - which is a serious business someone will need to do too. It also gives you Martian launch capabilities, after a while, to any other location.

We can also easily make sure most of it ends where we want it to be and usable – because we can check that and make sure. Already existing satellites in orbit around Mars could see the drop zones, we can send additional small rovers and satellites to oversee it from the ground. We will need to upgrade the satellite and communication capabilities on Mars anyway. Those should be sent with the first cargo transports.

In effect we could establish a continuous cargo supply chain to Mars on scale of one cargo ship being “dropped down” onto Mars every week or two in the best possible case. Or every few months at worst, at first.

Most of basic cargo doesn’t require rocket thrusters or anything as crazy complicated as recent NASA rovers had to have. Some aero-braking, a parachute or two, some good bubble wrapping (to be collected and used later for Martians stress therapy) is all we need for most of our crude basic resources and machinery.

Ballistic capture transfer allow us to send even the most ridiculous heavy equipment and machinery that was never considered before because it seemed impossible with the „plans” based on one old rocket and two years launch window.

All of these capabilities and new options taken together change the whole mission from highly risky and fraught with many critical and potentially disastrous options for failures of many different kinds, some of which we cannot physically imagine in advance, - to a mission that is guaranteed to succeed.

THE FIRST BASE

Availability of water rules over any other considerations. It is the most important resource we need in order to establish a permanent self sufficient base on Mars, especially if we will send a larger number of colonists. (which is also needed to guarantee a successful colony)

There is a place on Mars where large amounts of water are easily available.

Take a flight over it:

https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2020/07/Flight_over_Korolev_Crater_on_Mars

Estimates are it holds as much water as the Great Bear lake in Canada. That is one of the "you can see it from space" lakes on Earth. The glacier in Korolev crater is *about 60 km wide, one and a half to two km deep, the crater itself is 82 kilometers wide.

The First base can be, should be built into the walls of the crater itself and later on partially under the ice. The architecture should be designed starting from the ideas and concepts about Martian sietches, and human sized Hobbit houses inside the mountains and hills. Made to be livable in and actually cozy from the start. There can be sealed off, pressurized balconies and terraces made above the glacier, with a view over the whole crater - which is a feature that would greatly help new Martians emotional and psychological well being. If the Supply chain to Mars is established as this idea of mine argues for, we could construct a fairly large base and even the first city after the few years in this location, and then travel to other places, build other bases.

Another location with available water is a smaller crater called Louth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louth_(crater)

It is the furthest from the poles clearly visible and permanent water ice glacier on the whole planet. About 1100 km west from Korolev itself, and positioned a bit further southward, but i think it should be considered for a secondary base. This one is at best a few hundred meters high and drastically smaller then the glacier in Korolev. Both are permanent glaciers that did not lose their mass for as long as we have observed them.
I say we strike for the big one instead and make it shine.

I am not sure everyone understand and appreciate how precious breathable air would be on Mars. How critical. Because you cannot just recycle it, we spend air by breathing it. Recycling and filtering can return some amounts but not all. Physics steps in. (and some amounts are always lost for many other reasons) It must be constantly created and replenished. And for any long term habitation it better be a nice to breathe, natural, instead of machine recycled stale air.

• This amazing gift from youtube gods of unexpected awesomeness will make you aware of it in ways you will never forget:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dvgvq72yxQ

;D

Its all true.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8672270/

At complete rest, the typical adult male exchanges approximately 0.5 L (500 mL; 400 mL for female) of air per breath (tidal volume) at a rate of 12 times per minute, resulting in a minute ventilation rate of about 6 L of air per minute.

= 8,640 liters

Instead of just assuming it will all be somehow handled with fancy "space machines" - lets make sure it can be, right now, for a long term support of up to a hundred people, reliably.

That is what the Korolev crater glacier provides.

When we are settled and safe, than we can plan distant visits. And build roads to them. Best of all, majority of heavy construction machinery can be rigged to be remotely controlled. Remote control on Mars works really well when you have people right there. So the crew will be able to do a lot of such work while being safe and inside of the Spaceship, first living pods on the surface and then from the inside of the base itself. Occasionally a more personal touch is needed in construction, as any builder and fitter will tell you. But, considering that our new Martians will need to keep physically very active to maintain their health all this satisfying work of building their home and then making it better, improving it every day, moving in, getting the lights on, the air going, planting first forests and gardens - will insure they are all in tip top shape for a long time.

And they will also have an additional drive to get it all done in about at most a year.

Other crucial topics included in this new plan are:

• Magnetic field non issue.
• The Atmosphere building and maintenance facts.
• Solar wind non issue.
• Low Gravity medical issues and survival of Humans in Space.
• Terraforming Mars.
• Consequences and reasons.

Those other parts are available but these first sections present the most important differences and potentials.

.edited updated a few points, 22.01

Thoughts on using a multiple armies of genetically modified or selective breed bacteria’s, nematodes, fungi, protozoa etc to terraform mars?

I’d imagine it would get complex for example we’ll need mixes of specific armies to create a small ecological reactions in the hopes to overlay them with other reactions to jump start parts of a ecological subsystem or w,e, for example just to create or retain moister at a certain depth for a certain amount of time or something ridiculous like that.

Anyways any thoughts or opinions on such things? What about references or literature?

So I asked this question here and I got brutalized, check it out, check out how brutal they were to me https://www.reddit.com/r/Mars/s/YH1vFbgIVe

So if it's not possible to build huge domes with today's technology what about tomorrow's technology? What about future technology such as molecular nanotechnology? I mean if we jump 100 years into the future, certainly we would have the power to build huge domes on Mars right?

But you're saying with today's technology it's impossible to put a huge dome over a city on Mars?

Yeah the Mars trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson has domed cities on Mars. I had always thought that it would be easy to build a huge dome on Mars because science fiction is full of it. But apparently the air pressure would cause the dome to pop like a balloon.

Your thoughts please?